Methoddevelopmentfortheanalysisoforganophosphateandpyrethroid
insecticidesatlowpartspertrillionlevelsinwater
Pyrethroidsarestronglyadsorbedontosoilandsediment, leadstotherelativelylowconcentrationsofthesepesticidesin surfacewater。Inaddition, toxicologicalstudiesperformedinwater- onlysystemshavefoundthatthesepesticidescauselethaland sublethaleffectsatextremelylowconcentrations, withLC50s
beinggenerallylessthan1ng/mL [14]。Forexample, cyperme- thrinhasLC50valuesof1.2, 0.9and0.5ng/mLforbrowntrout,
carpandrainbowtrout,分别[15]。Whenmosquitoand midgelarvaeweretested, 24hLC50valuesfordeltamethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerateandpermethrinrangedfrom0.02to
13ng/mL [16]。Deltamethrinandcypermethrinhave96hLC50s ofabout0.01ng/mLinlobster (Homarusamericanus) andshrimp
(Crangonseptemspinosa) [17,18]。Toxicitytotheamphipod Hyalella
azteca occursatconcentrationsaslowas0.002and0.005ng/mL
for-cyhalothrinandcypermethrin,分别[19,20]。那里 fore, thereisaneedtoemploysensitivetraceanalysismethods forthemeasurementandpositiveidenticationofthesepesti- cidesatthelownanogramperliterlevel。坚实phaseextraction (SPE) [21C27,坚实phasemicro提取(SPME) [24,28,29],混乱
barsorptionextraction (SBSE) [30C32 andliquid-phasemicro-
extraction (LPME) [33,34] haveattractedincreasingattentionas novelsamplepretreatmenttechniques。Theneedforstrictexper- imentalcontrolandlongequilibriumtimes, howeverlimitsthe applicationofSPME, SBSEandLPMEinlarge-scaleanalysisof eld-collectedwatersamples。而且, thestrongtendencyof pyrethroidstoadsorbtoglasscontainerscancausedecreased SPErecoveriesandsubstantialunderestimationofpyrethroid
concentrations [27] andcansignicantlyaffecttheobservedout-
comeintoxicologicaltesting [35]。因此, liquidCliquidextractio (LLE) stillranksasoneofthemostconventionalandeffec- tiveisolationtechniques, whichisparticularlysuitablefordirect extractionofeld-collectedwatersamplestoexcludepossible analytelossduringsamplecollection,发货, andstorage
[27]。
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