其实从官方指南当中举出的例子以及评分规则中我们可以看出,托福作文的评分其实并不是很看重例子的真实性。换句话说,托福是允许我们编例子的(就比如个人事例)。所以我们其实不需要为了托福作文而特地去准备大量的科学数据,只需要在考试中根据需求自己写实验和数据即可。
但是这并不意味着我们可以随心所欲地编写数据。事实上,使用数据论证同样需要遵循两个原则。
1
尽可能量化
首先让我们来看下面这个例子:
分论点:providing business-related courses for students could help them perform better once they enter the workforce after graduation…
数据1:according to a study done by researchers in Chinese National Labor Institute, employees who have taken business-related courses in college perform significantly better than employees who have not taken those courses in college.
这个数据的问题很明显——量化不足。什么叫做perform significantly better?这个标准显得十分模糊,从而使得这个例子也不是那么有说服力。既然我们想要使用数据论证,就要在我们的例子中尽可能用数据说话,所以我们就得想办法去将我们想论证的关键点给量化。
比如:
数据2:according to a study done by researchers in Chinese National Labor Institute, employees who have taken business-related courses in college have an average income 20% higher than those who have no prior experience in business-related courses. What’s more, the average time for them to get a promotion is only 2.8 years while employees who haven’t taken the course need 3.4 years to get a promotion…
通过提出两个量化的点——平均收入和获得升职的时间——我们可以将perform significantly better给量化,从而提高数据论证的说服力。
2
尽可能具体
在写数据的时候,以小见大的方式比起写一个特别宏观的数据效果要好很多。
我们来看看下面的两个数据的对比:
分论点:people have acquired more knowledge about healthy diets.
数据1:recently, researchers in Fudan University have found out that, from 2010 to 2016, the total population of people who consume healthy food on a daily basis has grown from 800 thousand to 1.3 million.
虽然这个数据中作者有尽可能提出数字,但是由于数据太过宏观,所以其实起到的效果没有那么好。
我们可以将切入点缩小一下:
数据2:according to a recent study, from 2010 to 2016, the total consumption of organic potatoes in all 16 Walmarts in Shanghai has increased by 60%...
通过介绍上海的沃尔玛中有机土豆的销量增长,我们从侧面反映出现在国人的确更加愿意买健康食品了。这样的数据比较贴近真实生活中我们能够看到的媒体报道,更容易体现出真实性。
总的来说,数据论证对大家科学、量化的思维要求比较高,所以不是一个适用面特别广的方法。但是对于有志于冲击自己更理想的分数,并且想要提升自己论证手法的多样性的学生,数据论证是一个不错的选择。