德伯家的苔丝 创作背景

　　英国工业革命之后，资本主义大规模的经营方式逐步浸入农村，新式农业机器的广泛应用使个体农民逐步走向贫困破产，富民残酷剥削雇农。哈代小说所描写的克里克老板的大牛奶厂和富农葛露卑的农场就是这时期这种生产方式的真实写照。而苔丝和她的伙伴们，就是农村中雇佣劳动者的代表，她们为了谋生，到处飘荡，这里作零活，那里打短工，没个停息，一到秋收完结就得被解雇。她们受尽了剥削和压迫。苔丝经常从事繁重的劳动，干的与男工同样的工作，一个人承担往机器里传递麦捆的工作，简直是和机器竞赛，皮肤被划破了，流出了血，甚至晕倒在地，也得不到怜悯。苔丝和她全家的痛苦遭遇，也正是当时英国成千上万个个体（小保产）农民走向贫困、破产的真实写照。作者对这个不幸家庭寄以深厚的同情。正是由于社会的不公使她受穷、受辱、绝望，使她成为一个犯罪的人，直至最终被剥夺生命。苔丝的悲剧是时代、社会悲剧。此外，暴力也是其悲剧的直接原因。她是暴力、恶势力及维护它们的法律、国家机器的受害者。这种暴力、恶势力的集中代表就是亚雷•德伯。
　　哈代一生大部分时间都住在家乡——英国南部多塞特郡，他的大部分小说，包括《苔丝》，都选材于他生活的时代。它们的地理背景，则全部没有脱离过多切斯特及其周围毗邻的郡、市，这一带是农牧区，所以他对英国农村的生活、风俗习惯、生产斗争等情况都有比较深刻的了解。哈代能够敏锐而深刻的洞察世事的变化，并捕捉到资本主义毁灭农民的罪恶。然而，作为一个思想家，哈代缺乏对社会规律的理解，因此，苔丝的悲惨命运，也源于作家哈代的这种悲观情绪。

　　我刚好这两天在写于这个有关的期末论文 这是我查到的一些资料 你可以像我一样挑出用的到的地方自己翻译一下~ 希望可以帮到你~！

In 1862, Hardy was sent to London to work with the architect Arthur Blomfield. During his five years in London, Hardy immersed himself in the cultural scene by visiting the museums and theaters and studying classic literature. He even began to write his own poetry. Although he did not stay in London, choosing to return to Dorchester as a church restorer, he took his newfound talent for writing to Dorchester as well.

From 1867, Hardy wrote poetry and novels, though the first part of his career was devoted to the novel. At first he published anonymously, but when people became interested in his works, he began to use his own name. Like Dickens, Hardy’s novels were published in serial forms in magazines that were popular in both England and America. His first popular novel was Under the Greenwood Tree, published in 1872. The next great novel, Far from the Madding Crowd (1874) was so popular that with the profits, Hardy was able to give up architecture and marry Emma Gifford. Other popular novels followed in quick succession: The Return of the Native (1878), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), The Woodlanders (1887), Tess of the D’Urbervilles (1891), and Jude the Obscure (1895). In addition to these larger works, Hardy published three collections of short stories and five smaller novels, all moderately successful. However, despite the praise Hardy’s fiction received, many critics also found his works to be too shocking, especially Tess of the D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure. The outcry against Jude was so great that Hardy decided to stop writing novels and return to his first great love, poetry.