选举(selection 中国古代选举)是由统治者来选择统治者,或者说是以“贤”选“贤”(“贤”不含褒贬义),即还是通过少数来选择少数,但它又是被相当强韧地客观化和制度化了的,不以个人的意志和欲望为转移。它是一种自上而下的选择。它从理论上虽说也是几乎所有人都不被排斥在外,但实际上却总是只有很少数人参加或被选,甚至只有少数人参加,更少人被选才能顺利运作,参与者或被选者不是选他人,而实际是自己被选或自荐,最后或者是通过他人的推荐, 或者是通过客观的考试而被选中。选中者自然是一批人,而非一个人,他们亦非成为最高决策者,而只是成为君主制下的官员或者获得任官资格。竞选者所依凭的主要是体现在个人自身的德行、才能、名望、族望,或者文化修养,每次的被选中者也不构成一个统一的集团而仍是一些个别的人,每次选举也不带来国家政策上的改变,而只是为统治阶层输送新血。所以,它总是精英的,从形式到实质都是少数人的一种活动。它的选择标准是受到某种先定的实质内容的限制的,它也不涉及到传统国家和政府合法性的根本基础,但它为社会提供了一种稳定的、可以合理预测的期望,对社会资源的分配、社会分层的确立以及个人地位的变迁意义至关重大。
2、选举(election 现代选举 )是一种具有公认规则的程序形式,人们据此而从所有人或一些人中选择几个人一个人担任一定职务。《布莱克维尔政治学百科全书》“election”词条的作者巴特勒(D.E.Butler)指出:该词源于拉丁语动词“eligere”(意为“挑选”),虽然起源甚早,但现代含义上的、作为民主前提的自由和普遍的选举,其历史实际上只有两个世纪。按科特雷(J.Cotteret)与 埃梅里(C.Emeri)的意见,现代的“选举”(election)可以被定义为有种种程序、司法的和具体的行为构成的一个整体,其主要目的是让被统治者任命统治者。又迈克尔·曼主编的《国际社会学百科全书》的“选举”词条说,选举是较大的群体为自己提供一个较小的领导群体的一种方法。我们或许可以说:现代选举是以“多”选“少”,以“众”选“贤”(“贤”不含褒贬义),即通过多数来选择实施统治的少数。现在大多数国家和地区都执行选举制度。
3选举是民主的主要形式,民主很大程度上要靠选举来实现,但选举并非民主的唯一形式,把选举等同于民主是一种机械的理解。为了标榜民主而把有关的一切程序和活动都规定为选举的形式,实际上又不能真正实行,其后果可能导致民主流于形式而失去实质,成为假民主。
民主的本质应是人民大众有充分的决定权,而决定权既可以用“肯定”即选举来行使,也可以用“否定”即罢免来行使。只要这两种决定权有一种得到真正行使,就是有充分的民主。
具体而言,就是各级人民代表大会和基层村民委员会的代表由选举产生,但各级人民政府的负责人不一定由选举产生,而是由上级政府任命,但受本级人大的监督和考核。所任命的政府负责人要每年向本级人大进行年度述职汇报工作,人大可随时对其弹劾罢免,能否留任由人大进行信任投票来决定,考核合格通过信任投票的才能留任,被留任的在任期届满时才能平调或升迁;考核不合格的由人大予以免职,只能待岗或降职任用,不得升迁,免职造成的空缺由上级重新任命。 (当然,为了增加人大的“政治能量”,使其能与政府博弈,需要允许他们自办报纸、发表观点,需要允许人大直选,需要缩小人大代表数量)
这种任命权和罢免权相分离的方式不同于选举,但也可以充分体现民意,所以是民主的有效形式。这种方式符合国家统一、政令畅通的要求,符合一党执政、党管干部的要求,适合现实国情,能够使民主和集中得到有机结合,易于实行且效率高,因此是社会主义初级阶段实行充分民主的最恰当的方式,是当前政治体制改革的关键。
4.选举是起源于古希腊的政治制度,她是民主的一种表现形式。现代的选举则起源于英国选举,她的发展同经济基本同步,随着工业革命的发展,选举在英国,甚至全球范围内得到了迅猛的发展,从选举人到被选举人,逐步扩大了范围,到了1962年,英国的选举已普及到了所有成年人(政治犯除外).虽说她的存在总认为是民主的重要表现,但也有不少的人提出了质疑,选举的结果总不如人们所设计的那样完美,相反,"贿选"、“多数人的暴政”等的词汇足以见得人们选举存在的严重的缺陷,而这缺陷有好像是不可避免。
代表对选民的责任心,可以说是代表的一种政治良心,是民主政治的一个基本思想条件。
现代社会的民主政治体制中,对选民与代表(在议会制的国家中是议员)的关系、选民的政治权力、代表的民主意识等问题,有没有正确的认识,是一个很关键的问题。
我国宪法规定,“中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民”,而行使这个权力的法律机关是人民代表大会。在我国的社会主义民主政治实践中,这是通过选民所享有的政治权利与他们作为整体所能够行使的政治权力来实现的。
从我国宪法的规定看,选民是公民的一部分,即有选举权和被选举权的那部分公民。一般来说,作为个体的选民依法享有参加选举的政治权利,作为整体的选民具有对选举出来的代表进行制约的政治权力。前者就是我国选举法规定的。“选举人对于代表候选人可以投赞成票,可以投反对票,可以另选其他选民,也可以弃权。”这是一种个人行为;后者反映选民与选举出来的代表之间的关系,就是选举法规定:“全国和地方各级人民代表大会的代表,受选民和原选举单位的监督。选民或者选举单位都有权罢免自己选出的代表。”选民行使这种政治权力,是一种集体行为。选民的选举权和对代表的监督、罢免权,结合起来就是我们所说的现代民主政治中人民的政治选择权。
因此,代表应该具有这样的民主政治意识,即自己作为一级权力机关(全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会)的代表,是由选民选举出来的,权力是选民给予的,选民也有权收回这种权力。因此,代表在行使权力的过程中,必须完全对选民负责。能不能做到这一点,是衡量够不够代表资格的根本标准。
每个代表必须对选民负责,并不意味着代表只是一种消极、被动的政治工具,恰恰相反,每个代表都应该充分意识到自己是民主政治中的积极的、自觉的政治主体。人民代表的政治主体意识是履行自己职责的可靠保证。每个代表之所以能够履行自己的职责,是因为他是选民通过合法程序选举出来的,是经过了特定立法机构(如代表资格审查委员会)审查通过的。这种合法性的身份,是代表的政治主体意识的法律根据。
代表的政治主体意识十分重要,它表明,代表作为具有合法身份的政治主体,应该在对选民负责,正确反映选民意见的前提下,独立、自主地进行投票和发表意见,而决不应该随声附和,按其他什么人的眼色行事。否则,他就没有对选民负责,就会失去作为代表的资格。
Sense of responsibility on behalf of the voters, it can be said on behalf of a political conscience, is the basic idea of a democratic conditions.
Modern society in the democratic political system, and on behalf of the voters (in the parliamentary members of the country is) the relationship between the political power of voters, on behalf of the awareness of such issues as democracy, is there a correct understanding, is a very key issue.
China's Constitution stipulates that "all the powers of the People's Republic of China belongs to the people" and the exercise of this power is the legal organ People's Congress. China's socialist democratic politics in practice, it is through the voters of the political rights enjoyed by them as a whole are able to exercise political power to achieve.
From the provisions of our Constitution, the voters is part of the citizens, that is, the right to vote and stand for election in that part of the citizens. In general, the voters as individuals enjoy the political rights to participate in the elections, the electorate as a whole has the elected representatives of the political power constraints. The former is the provisions of China's electoral law. "Electoral candidates to be voted for, you can vote against it, you can elect the other voters can abstain from voting." This is a personal act; the latter reflecting the voters and elected representatives of the relationship between that Election Law stipulates: "The national and local levels on behalf of the People's Congress by the voters and the supervision of the units which elected them. electors or electoral units have the right to recall their elected representatives." voters to exercise their political power that is a collective behavior. Voters to vote and on behalf of the supervision, the power of removal, combined with what we call modern democracy in the people's political choice.
Therefore, on behalf of such a democracy should have the awareness that their own authority as the level (the National People's Congress and local people's congresses at all levels) representatives elected by the voters, the power is given by the voters, the voters have the right to recovery of such power. Therefore, in the exercise of power on behalf of the process, must be fully responsible to the voters. Can not do this, it is enough to measure the representative of the fundamental criterion for eligibility.
Each representative must be responsible to the voters does not mean that the representative is only a negative and passive political tool, on the contrary, each representative should be fully aware that he is active in democratic politics, conscious political subjects. People's awareness of the political subjects to fulfill their duties to ensure the reliable. Each delegate is able to perform their duties, the voters because he is elected through a legal process, and is the result of specific legislative bodies (such as the credentials committee) to review adopted. The legitimacy of the identity of this is the main representative of the political awareness of the legal basis.
The main representatives of the political awareness of the importance, it shows that as a legitimate representative of the identity of political subjects, should be responsible to the voters, correctly reflect the views of voters under the premise of independence, self-determination to vote and express their views, and in no way should be echoed later by other What other people by the cue. Otherwise, he would not be responsible to the voters, will lose as a representative of the qualifications.
随着社会主义民主政治的发展和完善,在我国的政治生活中,无论是选民还是代表,民主政治素质都在不断提高,当然,就代表来说,个体的差异毕竟还是存在的,因此还有一个加强民主意识修养的任务。代表对选民的责任心,可以说是代表的一种政治良心,是民主政治的一个基本思想条件。
With the development of socialist democracy and improvement in the political life of our country, whether it is or on behalf of voters, democratic politics are constantly improve the quality, of course, on behalf of, the individual differences that exist, after all, so there is an enhanced sense of accomplishment of the tasks of democracy. Sense of responsibility on behalf of the voters, it can be said on behalf of a political conscience, is the basic idea of a democratic conditions.
With the development of socialist democracy