Emily Bront was born on July 30th, 1818, the 5th child of the Reverend Patrick Bront?, a stern Evangelical curate, and his wife Maria. When Emily was three years old, her mother died of cancer, and her Aunt Branwell, a strict Calvinist, moved in to help raise the six children (another daughter, Anne, was born soon after Emily). They lived in a parsonage in Haworth with the bleak moors of Yorkshire on one side and the parish graveyard on the other. When Emily was 6 years old she went to a boarding school run by charity, the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge, where her older sisters Maria, Elizabeth, and Charlotte were already enrolled. The school was in no sense a material improvement over her home environment: it was run with the intention of punishing the pupils' bodies that their souls might be saved. The students were kept hungry, cold, tired, and often ill: Maria in particular, who at her young age did her best to mother her sisters, was treated extremely harshly. In 1825 Maria and Elizabeth both died of tuberculosis, the disease that was later to claim Emily's own life, and that of her younger sister Anne. Following these new bereavements, the surviving sisters Charlotte and Emily were taken home, but they would never forget the terrors and the hardship of their lives at school. Charlotte made it the model for the charity school Lowood, which figures so prominently in the life of her heroine Jane Eyre.
Life at home was much better for Emily and her siblings: in their isolated childhood on the moors, they developed an extremely close relationship partly based on their mutual participation in a vibrant game of make-believe. In 1826 their father brought Branwell a box of wooden soldiers, and each child chose a soldier and gave him a name and character: these were to be the foundation of the creation of a complicated fantasy world, which the Bront?s actively worked on for 16 years. They made tiny books containing stories, plays, histories, and poetry written by their imagined heros and heroines. Unfortunately, only ones written by Charlotte and Branwell survive: of Emily's work we only have her poetry, and indeed her most passionate and lovely poetry is written from the perspectives of inhabitants of "Gondal." For Emily, it seems that the fantastic adventures in imaginary Gondal coexisted on almost an equal level of importance and reality with the lonely and mundane world of household chores and walks on the moor. One would be mistaken, however, to conclude that the poetic beauty of Gondal was essentially different from that which Emily saw in the world around her. This becomes clear in her novel Wuthering Heights, in which her familiar Yorkshire surroundings become the setting for a tragedy whose passion and beauty is equal to anything that could be imagined elsewhere. Passion is in no way inconsistent with empty moors, cold winters, and brown hills.
As might be imagined from her intense emotional and artistic attachment to the country of her childhood, Emily Bront? very rarely spent any time away from home: indeed she could hardly do so at all. In 1835, at the age of seventeen she went to school at Roe Head where Charlotte was teaching, but became so pale and thin that her sister was convinced she would die unless she returned home. She left home again to be a governess in 1837 (a failure) and to study in Belgium in 1842, but both times she found she was unable to bear being away from home and her beloved, wild countryside. She could not adapt to playing the role of a genteel Victorian lady, or deal with the intrusion of strangers into her life ? she could never fit in. Emily never made any close friends outside of her family circle.
In 1845 Charlotte came across Emily's Gondal poems and read them, which made Emily furious when she found out. However, the discovery led to the publication of a volume of Charlotte, Emily, and Anne's poetry under the names of Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. They sold only two copies, but did not give up writing: Wuthering Heights was probably written in 1845-6, while Charlotte was working on The Professor and Jane Eyre, and Anne wrote Agnes Grey. Wuthering Heights (by Ellis Bell), was published in 1847, and attracted considerable critical attention: many people were shocked and horrified by sheer violence of Emily's novel.
While his sister were on their way to becoming famous authors, Branwell had failed as a painter and lapsed into alcoholism and drug abuse. He died in September of 1848, and his death marked the beginning of Emily's own illness. Tuberculosis killed her rapidly, perhaps because she stoically refused to make any concession to her ill health, continuing to get up early every day to feed her numerous animals even when she could barely walk. She died with heroic fortitude on December 19th, 1848, at the age of 30, and did not have time to appreciate the last flowering sprig of heather which Charlotte had found on the moors for her wild sister. Emily Bront?'s stern self-discipline and passionate creative vision have continued to entrance modern readers through her poetry and especially her masterpiece, Wuthering Heights.
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Walter Whitman
1819 - 1892
Walter Whitman (Walt Whitman) in May 31, 1819 was born in the United States of a farmer in eastern Long Island families. His father later became a carpenter. Four-year-old when Whitman (1823) to Brooklyn with his father. Where he received only five or six years of formal education will have to fend for. Whitman in Brooklyn as a typesetter, rural primary school teachers, such as the Office of porters. His spare time, he walks to the street, also in Manhattan to watch theater performances of Shakespeare to enjoy the European classical operas. During this period, he began to write some essays. His first article was written by the age of 15, published in the New York "Mirror" on. In 1841, he was in Brooklyn and New York newspapers and magazines to write news reports. During this period he met a number of leaders in the Democratic Party and the Democratic Party for the rally speech, very active. In 1846 he served as the "Brooklyn Eagle reported that" the editorial work, two years after leaving because of differences of opinion "eagle." From 1849 to 1850, he turned to the Liberal party's land "free person" for editing. In the meantime, his literary works have never stopped.
Whitman recruited in 1848 to New Orleans newspaper. In the journey to New Orleans, he will take a train, carriage, by boat to enjoy the prosperity of the Ohio River on both sides of the scene and scenery, after a number of large and small, developing city. After three months he has northward along the Mississippi River, through the Great Lakes region, Chicago, from west to east across the eastern part of New York State return. Whitman to make the trip to the United States of America understand the vast and fertile plain hard-working people of this land and the rich and colorful life, the future of his influential creative life.
From 1850 to 1855 Whitman took to poetry is the key to career years. During this period, he engaged in various occupations, and even his father was a carpenter back in order to maintain the life of the old industry. His spare time, he lectures, study notes, to understand the social, hungry to learn the text, history, philosophy and natural science knowledge and so on. Whitman is not only widely during this period to participate in social practice is his outlook on life, philosophy and the formation of a period of maturity, but also for the fame of his "Leaves of Grass" (Leaves of Grass) version 1 of the preparatory period.
Whitman's life and by the formation of the universe is all the rage in Europe the impact of pantheism. He believe in the power of people, I believe that the heroic history of the world is not God. Whitman are determined to make their own God-like power and authority as the 'people' of the heroic image of the symbol and the representative. Whitman believes that people between the flesh and soul of a causal link. He wrote, "when the health of people throughout the body can not be upgraded to a high degree of knowledge - from the outside in Zengguang Shenghui, pure, rich fruit, full of vitality." ① In such circumstances, "all sad disappointment will vanish into thin air. "② In his view" hidden strong physique in a great, fantastic mental strength, it can drive out evil, so that the soul free to soar. "③ in Whitman These are the core values of the poem more than a description of varying degrees.
After several years of preparation, on behalf of career turning point in Whitman's "Leaves of Grass" was published in 1855. Collection of poems, including "Song of myself" (Song of Myself), such as 12 Poems, published by his own issues. This little volume of poetry, the impact is extremely limited, in the literature has not given rise to the response he expected. In the New England region, the only writer in the Emerson of "Leaves of Grass," made a positive response. In his letter to Whitman said, "I think it is unprecedented with an unusual ability and insight and wisdom to work." ④ In addition, Emerson also lived in New England literary Concord home recommended this book.
Whitman the purpose of arousing public attention to him, decided to put pen to paper to write book reviews. He wrote a total of three book reviews, published in "Brooklyn Times," and so three different publications. At the same time, he gave him the letter Emerson made public. Emerson has not, but Emerson and Whitman did not interrupt exchanges.
Literary response and the indifference of the difficulties in publishing do not have the impact of Whitman's plan to create emotional and publishing. The second year of his poetry in an increase of 20 poetry, together with the total of the past 32, out of "Leaves of Grass" in version 2. 1860 3rd edition available此诗concentration of income in the "descendants of Adam" (Children of Adam) and "Lo Tik" (Calamus) 2 sequence. In 1867 the first 4 and Clause 5 of the 1871 edition of the income of the period according to his side in the civil war in Washington state organs take care of the sick and wounded while serving experience and wrote "The Drum Set rafter" (Drum-Taps). It is worth noting that in 1871 he published a lengthy article, "Democratic Vision" (Democratic Vistas). This article is as important as No. 1 edition of "Leaves of Grass" in the preamble, which is reflected in a number of Whitman the democratic system of the United States than in the past even more profound and practical understanding. 5th edition in 1872 when the second printing of the revenue was recognized as the head of Whitman's last poem "the road towards India" (Passage to India). Poem extolling the great human achievements of science, from philosophy to space and time; past, present and future closely linked, and fully reflects the world view and the Concept of Time and Space Whitman.
Whitman in 1873 due to heart disease坎默to move to New Jersey Dayton, where they spent the rest of his life. Whitman growing weakness of the body, increasingly embarrassing economic situation, the reputation of the press have been cases of attacks carried out still do not stop writing, for the re-publication of "Leaves of Grass" to make the effort vomit. From 1876 to the end of his life journey in 1892, the first version of 6,7,8,9 come out one after another. Finally, the 9th edition of the Collected Works has become common now, collects a total of 383 entries.
"Leaves of Grass," the United States to create a new style of poetry. Although the collection has not been the author of life, but after the United States and the world poetry poetry can not be underestimated are the effects of epoch-making.
Guo from China works 54 we can see that during the generation of Whitman's admiration, praise and imitation. Guo wrote, "When I close to Whitman's" Leaves of Grass, "when the campaign is launched by the year 54, the pent-up individuals, the pent-up nationalism, found in the crater this time, but also to find the way the fire-breathing, I was almost a mad. "① Guo famous work in the" goddess "can be found in our Whitman-like passion, cry and reveal Pantheism thinking; able to find a tribute to the self, of Acura nature. Whitman Xiongqi unrestrained style and free verse as well as by our country follow the example of many modern poets.
Whitman's poetry singing era, nation and people; praised the freedom, equality, fraternity, full of strong revolutionary spirit, the spirit is full of optimism. Whitman's art that is very clear that he was opposed to the pursuit of form; about language implicitly or phonological tidy perfection, advocated a simple, sincere, frank,胸臆speak all kinds. The structure of his free verse poetry section is not fixed length, syntax is also very free. He often put the verb and preposition in the first sentence. Sometimes, in his poem to the same line for more than the beginning of a word; sometimes repeat the same line for more than a structure. In his poetry there is often a row of enumerate cataloging, and to do with writing materials. His vocabulary is very extensive, both the United States the people of all walks of life working vocabulary, and others have never used Italian, French and Indian language vocabulary. The rhythm of poetry and the word line syntax and prose are very close, there is no pattern of stress and rhyme, but obedience and emotional tone of the speech development of the natural ups and downs. Whitman rich hot feelings, and his prose poem of the rich and varied line of rhythm, we sometimes can feel the melody of Italian opera, and sometimes to hear the voice of religious preaching and downs, and sometimes can be aware of the great surging海波涛rhythm and momentum.
In Whitman's works, in 1855, "Leaves of Grass," it is very important to the preamble. This is the content of a deep, broad and rich flavor of the times of the Poetics. Countries involved in a new preamble in the new period of democratic politics and religion, philosophy, world view, cosmology and scientific attitude, sets out Whitman's poetry is not a reflection of the feelings of the individual but rather the narrow country singing, singing people; stated Whitman creative techniques and style features; explained Whitman's pantheistic ideas and Whitman on the past, present and future, the concept of continuous time and the sea and the shore there is no clear dividing line between the concept of space; and clearly explained the benefits Terman duties as a poet, it is曼特曼mentioned in the preamble, the poet is "the voice of freedom of the persons." ① poet's attitude was "encouraged by the slaves, intimidated by tyrants." ② In short, this Whitman's preamble sets out the main point of view, contribute to an understanding of his poems, as the article length is longer, more difficult text, not as in-depth analysis of this. In addition, Whitman's prose "democratic vision" is also important, it summed up the author's literary and political ideas, in writing skills than the "preamble" is more mature.
In Whitman's poems have been recognized as the most important thing is "their song."此诗a total of 52 paragraphs, 1336 lines, reflects Whitman in the "Preamble" and the views expressed in "Leaves of Grass," the central idea of the book. "Leaves of Grass" in the "rafter drum set," Whitman recorded automatically to participate in the civil war nursing the wounded during the working hours of what he saw and heard. There is a solemn brutal war, but also the heroic fortitude of the soldiers to read moving, moving. There are five poems dedicated to the European revolutionary movement of the poem. Whitman poem warm tribute to the revolutionary spirit of the European peoples to express the cause of freedom and democracy to win a conviction.
Below on "Leaves of Grass" in a number of Whitman's poems, respectively, and introduced briefly.
"Song of myself" is a masterpiece Whitman, reflected the "Leaves of Grass," a book the main ideas. "Song of myself" is an 'I' of the songs, but it is a 'we' the songs, songs of human life, democracy, freedom songs, but also the earth, the universe and all of the spiritual world is a better Song of Praise. "Song of myself" to sing the praises of their own to start in depth step by step, level by level to start the praise of men and women are working class, life and death, soul and body, democracy and freedom, the nation and the people and the United States land plants, the universe of all full of vitality, creative force. "Song of myself" in the 'own' their own nor their own. He can at times across the stage of human life, he said. But his great small, inconspicuous, but the grass leaf, grass leaf but it is a symbol of life and strength.寓意深刻poem is the description on the grass and think in the end towards the climax.
The first paragraph of the poem is only a preamble. The first line is only a preamble in the Introduction, it is pointed out that the 'own' the theme, but the touch of a switch then opened its own息息相通with the ordinary people, and the universe, the earth, Leaves of Grass into one of the noble spiritual world the curtain to show the flesh and the soul of the mutual attachment of the realm of mysticism, sing the praises of the infinite power of nature. Poetry is filled with a warm spirit of revolutionary romanticism, contains tremendous power, flashing a sense of pride in the infinite.
Paragraph 6 and the answer on the symbolic meaning of Leaves of Grass, the symbol of poetry boils down to the last two lines of: "everything is moving to promote the development of collapse does not matter out, / the death of people do not like to imagine it, not Well, unfortunately. "
15,16 developed the first two poets with the theme of ordinary people息息相通, cited the growth period of the United States of America from all sides, men, women and children engaged in various occupations, they described the extraordinary hard work and by the joy of creation , boiling scenes of life.
No. 20-21, respectively, from different angles above the self-eulogize. Paragraph 20 in order to sing the praises of a strong belief in a solid body and the spirit of eternal life after death and the resulting sense of pride. In paragraph 21 of the previous paragraph repeated the belief, the state my body is the soul of the poet, himself into the sun and stars and the embrace of mountains, rivers, and put all the love and love dedicated to the earth, Xian to the universe, the Acura to a new heights.
Whitman is not one hundred percent of the mystics, poets sing the praises of reality with plenty of ink, sing the praises of science. Paragraph 23 of poetry is a science and scientists dedicated to the songs.
Whitman believed that the rich own divine Son of Manhattan, for the oppressed, the enslaved people in place unlimited sympathy. In paragraph 24 of his glorified body at the same time, to passionate style, boundless affection for the oppressed people's freedom, democracy and liberation cry for generations of suffering and despair in the people cry.
In paragraph 31 of the height of a new Acura again and his Leaves of Grass; In paragraph 33, the poet is repeated and developed in paragraph 24 of the performance of the pursuit of freedom and democracy, and to write on this basis in the Civil War , in the smoke of the trenches to fight for democracy and freedom of people moving a bloody battle scene. This section of the poetry written on the repeated use of the first paragraph of 15,16 practices enumerate, but here is no longer a duplicate of the different people involved in the upbringing of his career but the United States of America. He cited a piece of land from east to west, from south to north, from the desert to the highlands, from the mountains to see the animals can Hirakawa, plants. This is a picture in real life, but also a colorful, full of magical dream world of color. Flashing between the lines of the nation, and the country, a tribute to the people, a gift of nature and the universe gratitude. All this made him and the people of this land can not be separated even more in a moment.
Paragraph 52 is a finale. Poet seems to enter his life roaming the mysterious journey of the last paragraph, where transpiration quietly disappeared, subduction, and entered the world of meditation. Where he would like to wake up Leaves of Grass as renewable and wait for people to discover and find. For him, even if the advent of death, life would not stop.
Whitman's Song of Praise is another "before all the way over the Brooklyn Ferry" (Crossing Brooklyn Ferry). It was commendable that the mid-19th century New York and the busy scenes of the American people look forward to the future.
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