求一篇汽车发动机专业英文文章

发动机是汽车的心脏，没有人会质疑这一点。但一辆表面光鲜的车装上一台老掉牙的机器就好比一个30岁的人长了一颗60岁的心脏，好使才怪呢？！

我不是“愤青”，也不想给任何厂商做枪手，只是想从技术的角度讲一些常识性的问题，让大家不再被花言巧语所迷惑。

相信很多厂家的技术人员都有这样的困惑：明明是不可能完成的任务，但慑于老板的淫威，硬着头皮也得干，糊弄着做出来之后还不敢到处乱讲，遇上明白人问只能胡说八道。04年东风日产在三亚搞天籁的试驾会，挺好的一个车，非要把CVT变速器换成古董级的普通4速自动，我问日方的技术人员这件事，他当时有点喝高了，竟然说：“我们做过试验，这台变速器很多方面的表现都比CVT还好，我们都有点后悔在本土车上用CVT了……”我靠！这不是有病吗？

偷工减料和偷梁换柱

言归正传，关于发动机今天我主要想讲2件事：一是偷梁换柱，再就是偷工减料。

偷梁换柱的例子太多了。最经典的就是雨燕和威姿。

雨燕应该用什么发动机？当然是M13啊！G13是什么东东？是铃木20年前开发的一款老古董，羚羊用的就是G13！再透露一个消息，现在长安铃木的1.3升发动机连G13都算不上，充其量是个G13的国产化复制品，它的学名叫JL474Q什么的，后面一串字母记不清了，长安的小面也用这机器。

威姿、威乐、威驰应该用什么机器？应该是SZ系列的啊，包括1.0的1SZ，1.3的2SZ和1.5的3SZ。A系列？丰田早在20年前就淘汰一个字母的汽油发动机系列了，A系列的同龄人有Y、M、F、R等等。Y系列包括3Y、4Y，老海狮用过；M系列有4M、5M，当年的鲇鱼头皇冠和2.8黑超用的；F，不用说了，老4500巡洋舰的心；R呢？3代以前的圆头考斯特……总之，工业考古学家肯定对5A、8A感兴趣。不过还好，威驰已经改邪归正了，不过这改动好象晚了点，它在一汽丰田只有1年的阳寿了，明年它将换上天津一汽的标。

蓝瑟，又一个反面教材。原本以为三菱注资东南之后会拿出一款象样的车，不敢奢望装备红头4G63的EVO IX，至少也该是装4G9系列发动机的新Lancer吧！海外市场的Lancer基本用的都是1.6的4G92、1.8的4G93和2.0的4G94，当然，还有更猛的2.0升红头版4G63和2.4升4G69……结果又让我们失望了，还是4G18！而且缩水的不仅仅是发动机！对另外两个合作伙伴，三菱也玩同样的把戏：欧蓝德也是把4G69换成了古老而廉价的4G64，虽然后来又换回来了；猎豹的飞腾直到今天也没用上GDI——那可是三菱看家的宝贝！

阴差阳错的阳光。当蓝鸟堕落为烂鸟之后，东风日产曾把希望寄托在阳光身上。的确，从外形看，阳光并不落伍，可坏事就坏在发动机上，放着好好的QG18不用，非要把烂鸟的SR20DE拣回来，虽说功率大些，但感觉实在太粗糙。是咱们拿不到QG18吗？不对啊，这机器怎么装到小红旗上了？说实在的，SR20DE配小红旗倒挺合适，还是把QG18还给阳光吧！可惜咱当不了任总的家，那边的张总也未必答应，还是别瞎操心了。

其实，偷梁换柱不是日本人的专利，不信往下看：

如果说上面说的这些车还只是发动机被掉了包，那么上海通用的好多车就更说不清了。比如君威，美国版的Regal发动机从3.1起步，往上是3.8的，2.0欧宝机器的手动档君威，美国人可能连想都不敢想！君越就更离谱了，连车身都是重新设计的，2.4升是欧宝机器、3.0升是原来的V6发动机加了个断缸功能。

说起身世，赛欧、乐骋、乐风、凯越、景程……一个比一个乱，正所谓乱中取胜，原本该用什么机器谁都不知道，于是随便装个澳大利亚或韩国的发动机，再加上出色的市场运作能力，的确忽悠了不少人。

菲亚特的车装西亚特的机器，到底是怎么回事？

虽然中文就差一个字，实际却差了十万八千里。南京菲亚特是靠英格尔（西亚特Ibiza）起家的，于是早年的1.5升发动机也成了传家宝，先是化油器改电喷，后来又送回欧洲重新设计了进排气系统，最后干脆找AVL玩了个扩缸——1.5变1.7。您可看清楚了，此1.7非彼1.7，菲亚特在欧洲市场用的可是货真价实的1.7升FIRE发动机，PUNTO、STILO都用这款机器。

上面这些偷梁换柱的手法太拙劣了，稍微了解国外车型的人一眼就能看出来。因此，大家还是应该向奥迪同志学习，用更高层次的手法。

FSI是大众-奥迪的独门绝技，它实际包括两方面的技术：缸内直喷和分层稀薄燃烧。国产的新A4、A6只保留了缸内直喷，而最核心的分层稀薄燃烧则在不知不觉中蒸发了。新A6缩水的地方还不只是发动机。欧版车的电子手刹有一个机械的应急释放装置，国产车上也不见了。

化神奇为腐朽与化腐朽为神奇

下面我想说说一个大家经常忽略的问题——标定

何谓标定？它的英文表述是Calibration，有校准的意思。一台发动机不可能只为一种车型配套，而不同的车型对性能的要求是有差异的：跑车要求高速大功率、SUV要求低速大扭矩，普通轿车要求性能均衡……

标定主要标那些内容呢？喷油量、点火时刻、电子节气门开度、怠速控制阀占空比、废气循环量、增压器放气阀开启时机……等等。标定要说简单也简单，只要保证基本的动力性、经济性、排放性能就行；要说复杂那可就深了：首先是极端高温和极端低温，从零下40度到零上50度，既要保证冷启动性能，还要保证热车不开锅，启动不能有气阻；海拔要从负100多米一直标到5000多米（相当于唐古拉山口）；而车子在行驶过程中遇到的各种问题都要考虑到：比如空调压缩机突然启动或停止、发动机负荷突变，变速器跳档，还有司机踩油门的力度，油品的适应性也是个不能忽略的问题。

说白了，车子换一台新发动机，标定至少需要18个月，即使是国外的成熟产品，拿到国内也要做至少1年的适应性标定，包括台架实验和路试。

像桑塔纳、夏利这样的老车不换发动机能过欧III吗？其实是不能！可它们不都过了吗？这里面就有学问了。如果要求车子在保证其他性能不劣化的前提下排放达标，几乎是不可能的，但如果只要求它在几个特定工况下排放达标，其实也很简单。大不了加速肉一点、油耗高一点、响应差一点……可这么一来，这还叫车吗？

当年北京吉普给切诺基换装4G64发动机，光匹配和标定就花了8000万，这点钱若放在河北、浙江的一些小SUV厂商，足够他们整两个全新车型了。据我所知，好多装4G64的杂牌SUV根本就没做任何标定，把沈阳或柳州的机器配一个常用的ECU就出厂了，甚至连热平衡实验都没有，这些车上路不出毛病才怪呢！

标定的另一个作用是让数据表更好看。比如国产花冠的1ZZ标的是93kW，而日版的是100kW，这多出来的将近10马力其实就是标定的功劳。前些日子有消息说，由于美国调整了实验标准，导致日系车的发动机额定功率大面积缩水。

和油耗、排放法规一样，各国的发动机实验条件也不一样，有的要求实验机不挂任何附件（包括马达、发电机、空调压缩机、水泵、转向助力泵、空气压缩机等等）这样做出来的功率肯定高，而有些标准要求所有的附件都要挂上；更有甚者要求测底盘输出功率。如果不说明是用什么标准测的，笼统说个100kW，就和5.6L/100km油耗一样唬人。目前世界上主要的标准有DIN（德国）EEC（欧盟）JIS（日本）GB（中国）等很多。

为什么我特别看中原配的机器，因为它从研发伊始就是为这款车型量身定制的，所做的实验最充分，而为了中国市场准备的机器不可能像本土车那样做实验。

标定不充分，至少会带来下列问题：（假定车子没有其它的故障）

启动困难，马达运转2秒以上发动机才启动

油耗偏高，急加速时排气管可见轻微的烟

加速时“闯”，收油时“挫”

自动档换档时速度波动明显（不是变速器的问题，而是换档时发动机没有适当降低动力输出）在某一转速下发动机有明显的共振,怠速开空调时转速波动,油门响应滞后,起步时发动机抖动明显看不见的地方，只有凭良心了. 同样的BOSCH火花塞，便宜的只有10几块钱，贵的要100多，又藏在里面，谁看得见？发动机附件和电器插接件在保修期内一般都没问题，但2年之后呢？还有ECU的版本，反正宝马在欧洲几乎每个月都更新，咱们这里呢？

还是认了吧！谁让我们生活在一个经济快速增长、市场竞争压力巨大的时代呢？你的良心没喂狗，用货真价实的好东西，架不住有人低价恶意竞争，也许他的产品有隐患，但等隐患暴露出来，它早已完成原始积累，金盆洗手，从良了，而那些实实在在的厂商可能还没等看到胜利的曙光就已经倒在了混战中。
Motor vehicles are the heart, no one can question that. But a glossy surface of the car fitted with a old machine like a 30-year-old person has been a long 60-year-old heart, so strange if it? !

I am not "愤青" to any of the manufacturers do not want to do the gunmen, but think from a technical point of view of some common-sense question, so that everyone no longer be fooled by sweet words.

I believe a lot of manufacturers have the technical staff confused: They are impossible task, but impressed by the owner of the despotic power, had to have to do, make a fool out everywhere after dare乱讲, when sensible question can only be nonsense. 2004 Nissan Teana engage in Sanya will be the test drive, a nice car, non-CVT transmission should be replaced by antique-class general 4-speed automatic, I ask the Japanese side of the technical staff to do it, he was a bit drunk high, has said: "We did test a lot of this transmission's performance better than the CVT, we have a little regret at the local car with a CVT ... ..." I rely on! This is not sick it?

Jerrybuilt and tacit

Closer to home, on the engine today, I want to say two things: First, tacit, Then jerry-building.

Examples of tacit too much. The most classic is the Swifts and Vizi.

Swifts What should be the engine? M13 ah yes of course! What is G13 Dongdong? Suzuki 20 years ago, are developed by a old, antelope is used in G13! Again revealed a message, and now 1.3 liters of Changan Suzuki engines are not even the G13, G13, at best, is a replica of the home-made, it's what the study called JL474Q, followed by a string of letters could no longer remember, Changan small plane also using this machine.

Vizi, Ville, Vios What should be the machine? Should be ah SZ series, including 1.0 1SZ, 1.3 and 1.5 of 2SZ the 3SZ. A series? Toyota as early as 20 years ago out of a letter of the gasoline engine series, A series of peers has Y, M, F, R and so on. Y series includes 3Y, 4Y, old sea lions used; M series have 4M, 5M, the catfish was the first Black crown and 2.8 used; F, needless to say, the old 4500 cruiser heart; R do? 3 behalf of the previous round Coste ... ... In short, industrial archaeologists certainly 5A, 8A interested. Fortunately, however, VIOS has repented, but this change seems to晚了点it FAW Toyota阳寿only one year, and next year it will replace the subscript Tianjin FAW.

Lancer, but also a negative example. Mitsubishi had originally thought that after the injection of the South East will come up with a decent car, do not expect red-headed 4G63 of equipment EVO IX, at least the engines are mounted 4G9 Series new Lancer now! Lancer in overseas markets are basic 1.6 4G92, 1.8 and 2.0 of the 4G93 the 4G94, of course, there are 2.0 liters red更猛the front page of the 4G63 and the 2.4-liter 4G69 ... ... the result of letting us down, or 4G18! And has shrunk more than just the engine! On the other two partners, Mitsubishi is also playing the same trick: 4G69 Outlander is to replace the old and cheap 4G64, although later changed back; the Feiteng cheetah today is useless on GDI - that But Mitsubishi's housekeeping precious!

阴差阳错sunshine. When the Blue Jays after the fall for the Black Bird, Dongfeng Nissan had found hope in the sun. Indeed, from the appearance look the sun is not out of date can be a bad thing on the bad in the engine, the QG18 not properly placed, non-rotten birds to SR20DE拣回来, although big power, but the feeling is too rough. QG18 we are unable to get it? Wrong ah, how loaded the machine into a small red flag? To tell the truth, SR20DE with small red倒挺appropriate, or to let the sun back to QG18! Unfortunately, when God can not be chief of the home, there may not be the total of Zhang promised, or worry about the别瞎.

In fact, tacit rather than the Japanese patent, not look down:

If the above said, these cars are only the engine was lost packet, then a lot of Shanghai GM's vehicle is even more of a hard nut to crack. For example, Regal, Regal American version of the engine from the 3.1 start up are 3.8, 2.0 Opel machine manual file Regal, Americans may not even want to unthinkable! LaCrosse is even more out of the way, even the body are re-designed 2.4-liter Opel are machines, are the original 3.0 liters of V6 engine features a cylinder off.

Speaking of background, Sail, Aveo, Lova, Excelle, King ... ... a journey than a chaos, as the saying goes乱中取胜, what was originally the machines who do not know, so just installed个Australia or Korea engines , coupled with the excellent operation of the market capacity, indeed a lot of people忽悠.

Seat Fiat car loaded machines, how in the end are going on?

Although less of a Chinese character actually has worse thousands of miles away. Nanjing Fiat by Ingles (Seat Ibiza) started, so the early years of the 1.5-liter engine also become family heirlooms, first carburetor to EFI, and then returned to Europe to redesign the intake and exhaust systems, Finally AVL simply looking for extended playing a cylinder - 1.5 Variable 1.7. You can see clearly that the 1.7非彼1.7, Fiat used in the European market but real 1.7 liters FIRE engine, PUNTO, STILO use this machine.

Tacit above is all too clumsy, and little understanding of foreign models will be able to look up a person. Therefore, everyone should learn from Comrade to Audi, with a higher level approach.

FSI is Volkswagen - Audi's unique skills, it actually includes two aspects of technology: direct injection and lean burn stratified. China's new A4, A6 and retain only the direct injection, and the crux of the stratified lean burn while unknowingly evaporated. The new A6 has shrunk the place is not only the engine. European version of the electronic handbrake car has a mechanical emergency release device, also made the car disappear.

Of magic for the decadent and of dice

Now I would like to talk about a problem the U.S. is often overlooked - Calibration

What is Calibration? Its English statements are Calibration, calibration has meaning. Units can not be only one engine for a model matching, and different models of performance requirements has differences are: the requirements of high-speed high-power sports car, SUV low speed high torque requirements, general requirements of the performance of balanced car ... ...

Calibration standard that the main content? Fuel injection quantity, ignition time, the electronic throttle opening, idle control valve duty cycle, the volume of exhaust gas circulation, turbocharger waste gate open time ... ... and so on. Calibration is also easy to say easy, as long as the guarantee that the basic driving force, economy, emissions performance on the line; say it may be deeply complex: the first is the extreme heat and extreme low temperature, from minus 40 degrees to zero at 50 degrees, it is necessary to ensure that cold-start performance, but also to ensure that vehicles do not开锅hot start should not have气阻; an elevation of more than 100 meters from the negative subscript has been to more than 5000 meters (equivalent to Tanggula I); and the car in motion the process of the various problems encountered by must take into account: for example, air-conditioning compressor suddenly start or stop, the engine load of mutation, transmission hop profile, there are drivers踩油门strength, the adaptability of oil is also a problem can not be ignored.

To be blunt, the new car to replace the engine, calibration required at least 18 months, even abroad are sophisticated products, get home at least 1 year should also be adaptive calibration, including the bench test and road test.

Like Santana, Xiali This old car is not for the European III engine can have it? In fact should not! They do not have to have it? There have knowledge of. If the car does not guarantee that other performance degradation under the premise of the emission standards, it is virtually impossible, but if it only requires a few specific conditions in the emission standards, in fact, is also very simple. Big deal to speed up the meat that higher fuel consumption in response to almost ... ... can be way, this is called car?

Beijing Jeep Cherokee was to change 4G64 engine, light match and calibration spent 80 million, this amount of money if on Hebei, Zhejiang, some small SUV manufacturers, enough of their two new models of the whole. As far as I know, a lot of non-brand SUV loaded 4G64 never to do any calibration, the Shenyang or Liuzhou machine with a commonly used on the factory ECU, and even thermal equilibrium experiments have not, these cars will be strange if the road does not go wrong!

Another role of calibration data sheet is to allow a better look. For example, the subject of China-made Corolla 1ZZ are of 93kW, which are date version of the 100kW, which many out nearly 10 horsepower is actually a credit for calibration. Recently the news has said that the United States because of the experimental adjust standards, resulting in the engine of Japanese cars rated power large area has shrunk.

And fuel consumption, emissions regulations, the countries of the engine are not the same experimental conditions, some requirements are not linked to any of the experimental machine attachment (including motors, generators, air-conditioning compressor, water pump, power steering pump, air compressor and so on) to do so out of power certainly high, and some standards require that all of the attachment must be put up; more chassis measuring the output power requirements. If you do not specify the criteria measured, the general said of 100kW, the same fuel consumption 5.6L/100km on and bluffing. At present, the world's leading standards have DIN (Germany) EEC (EU) JIS (Japan) GB (China), and many other.

In particular, I see why the original machine, from R & D at the beginning because it is tailored for the car, and doing experiments to the fullest, and prepare for the Chinese market is not like the machine to do the experiment as the local cars.

Calibration is not sufficient, at least will bring the following issues: (assuming no other car failure)

Startup difficulties, motor running for more than two seconds before the engine start

High fuel consumption, exhaust pipe can be seen when急加速minor smoke

Speed up the time "into", to close oil "down"

Autopilot shift significantly when the velocity fluctuations (not the transmission problem, but when the shift is not appropriate to reduce engine power output) in a particular engine speed have obvious resonance, when the air conditioning idle speed fluctuations, throttle response lag, the start of jitter engine obviously invisible place, only the conscience. BOSCH spark plugs of the same, cheap, only 10 a few dollars more, You should be more than 100, but also hiding inside, who can see? Engine attachment and electrical connectors in general no warranty, but 2 years after that? There ECU version, anyway BMW in Europe almost every month to update, let's here?

Or acknowledge it! Who we are living in a rapid economic growth, market competitive pressure enormous age of this?喂狗your conscience did not use real good things, it was cheap架不住malicious competition, may have hidden his product, but the hidden dangers such as exposed, it has long been the completion of primitive accumulation, Jinpen wash their hands, from the good, and who is really in such firms may not see the dawn of victory have been down in the melee Medium.