推荐回答(2个)
耐火材料的性质取决于其中的物相组成、分布及耐火材料各相的特性,即取决于制品的化学矿物组成。对于既定的原料,即化学组成一定时,可以采取适当的工艺方法,获得具有某种特性的物相组织(如晶型、晶粒大小、分布以及形成固溶体和玻璃相等)和某种组织结构(如致密程度、物料的颗粒大小和分布等),在一定限度由提高制品的工作性质。
1、化学组成
化学组成即耐火材料的化学成分,它是耐火制品的基本特征之一。耐火材料是非均质体,有主、副成分之分。通常将其基本成分称为主成分,而将其他部分称为副成分。副成分又按有意添加以提高制品某方面性能的成分,或是无意或不得已带入的无益或有害成分,分别称为添加成分及杂质成分。主成分通常是高熔点耐火氧化物或复合矿物或非氧化物的一种或几种。它是耐火制品的主体,直接决定了耐火制品性能的基础条件。
添加成分往往是为弥补主成分在使用性能或生产性能以及作业性能某方面的不足而使用的,常被称为结合剂、矿化剂、稳定剂、烧结剂、减水剂、抗水化剂、剂、促凝剂、膨胀剂等,添加成分种类繁多,是当前耐火材料行业研究的重点对象。它们的共同特点是:加入量很少;能明显地改变耐火制品的某种功能或特性;对该制品的主性能无严重影响。杂质成分则是指由于原料纯度有限而被带入或生产过程中混入的对耐火制品性能具有不良影响的部分。一般说来,K。O、Na。O及Fe0或Fe:O。都是耐火材料中的有害杂质成分。
此外,碱性耐火材料(RO为主成分的)中的酸性氧化物(RO:)及酸性耐火材料申的碱性氧化物都被视为有害杂质,它们在高温下具有强烈的熔剂作用。这种作用使得共熔液相生成温度降低,生成的液相量增加,而且随着温度升高液相量增长的速度加快,从而严重影响了耐火制品的高温性能。
2、矿物组成
耐火制品是矿物组成体。制品的性质是其组成矿物和微观结构的综合反映。因此,在分析制品的组成对其性质的影响时,单纯从化学组成出发分析考察问题是不够的,应该逐步观察其化学矿物组成。耐火材料在其化学成分固定的条件下,由于成分分布的均匀性和加工工艺的不同,使制品组成中的矿物种类、数量、晶粒大小、结合状态的不同,这并敦观结构的不同,造成制品的性能差异。例如,Si02含量相同的硅质制品,因Si02在不异工艺条件下可形成结构和性质不同的两种矿物——鳞石英和方石英,使制品的某些性质会有差别。即使制品的矿物组成一定,但随矿相的晶粒大小、形状和分布情况的不同,亦会对制品性质有显著的影响。
高温性能不仅取决于生产工艺参数,也取决于耐火材料的生产配方。
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