南京中山陵，雨花台，总统府，夫子庙的英文介绍

中山陵
======================================================================中山陵风景区景区介绍

中山陵是中国近代伟大的政治家孙中山先生的陵墓，它坐落在江苏省南京市东郊钟山东峰小茅山的南麓，西邻明孝陵，东毗灵谷寺，傍山而筑，由南往北沿中轴线逐渐升高，整个建筑群依山势而层层上升，气势宏伟。

1925年3月12日，孙中山在北京逝世，遵照他生前安葬在钟山的遗愿，灵柩暂停放在北京香山碧云寺内， 并决定在南京钟山修建他的陵墓。自1926年春动工，至1929年夏建成 。

中山陵坐北朝南，面积共8万余平方米，其中祭堂为仿宫殿式的建筑，建有三道拱门，门楣上刻有“民族，民权，民生”横额。祭堂内放置孙中山先生大理石坐像，壁上刻有孙中山先生手书《建国大纲》全文。

主要建筑有：牌坊、墓道、陵门、碑亭、祭堂和墓室等。从空中往下看，中山陵像一座平卧在绿绒毯上的“自由钟”。山下中山先生铜像是钟的尖顶，半月形广场是钟顶圆弧，而陵墓顶端墓室的半球形的穹隆顶，就像一颗溜圆的钟摆锤，广场南端的鼎台(现改为中山先生的立像)为大钟的钟纽，“鼎”在古代是权力的象征，因此整个大钟乃含“唤起民众，以建民国”之意。孙中山的立像英姿勃勃，摆动的手势好像正在发表关系国家命运的演说。

中山路是原来的迎柩大道，是孙中山先生灵柩南下时走过的路，也是南京第一条柏油马路，1926年动工，1929年完成。当时，孙中山先生的葬事筹备处广泛征集陵墓设计方案。

结果，建筑师吕彦直设计的“自由钟”式图案荣获首奖。吕彦直还被聘请为陵墓总建筑师。这组建筑，在型体组合，色彩运用，材料表现和细部处理上，都取得很好的效果，色调和谐，从而更增强了庄严的气氛。

陵墓入口处有高大的花岗石牌坊，上有中山先生手书的“博爱”两个金字。牌坊这类建筑在功能上主要是用来歌功颂德的。“博爱”两字正点出了孙中山先生博大的胸怀和崇高的理想。石坊后是长达375米、宽40米的墓道。前行为陵门，它以青色的琉璃瓦为顶，门额上为孙中山的手迹“天下为公”四个大字。

这里用青色的琉璃瓦有其一定的含意，青色象征苍天，青色琉璃瓦乃含天下为公之意，以此来显示孙中山先生为国为民的博大胸怀。再进为碑亭，一块高约6米的碑石上刻着“中华民国十八年六月一日中国国民党葬总理孙先生于此”的鎏金大字。从牌坊开始上达祭堂，共有石阶392级，8个平台。

攀登如此多的石阶极为艰难，但当大家走完这段长距离陡峻的石阶以后，一定会悟出<<总理遗嘱>>中有关的嘱咐：“革命尚未成功，同志仍需努力”的含义。台阶用苏州花岗石砌成。
最高的平台有华表两座，后为祭堂。华表乃为柱状标识物，标志祭堂即在此。祭堂有三个拱门，分书“民族”、“民权”、“民生”门额。这里是仿宫殿式的祭堂。祭堂的门楣上刻有孙中山手书“天地正气”四字，表达了孙中山先生奋斗的理想。
堂中有中山先生大理石坐像，高4.6米，逼真生动，是世界名雕刻家保罗兰窦斯基的杰作。像座东西四周有反映中山先生革命事迹的浮雕。祭堂东西护壁大理石刻着中山先生手书的遗著《建国大纲》和胡汉民等人书写的<<总理遗嘱>>。
在这里，不仅使我们看到了孙中山先生为推翻两千多年来封建帝制的不朽勋业和艰苦斗争的历程，而且也看到了孙中山先生为我中华独立、富强、大展宏图的建国思想。堂后有墓门二重，两扇前门用铜制成，门框则以黑色大理石砌成。上有中山先生手书“浩气长存”横额。
二重门为独扇铜制，门上镌有“孙中山先生之墓”石刻。进门为圆形墓室，直径18米，高11米。中央是长形墓穴，上面是中山先生汉白玉卧像，瞻仰者可围绕汉白玉栏杆俯视灵柩上的卧像，此像系捷克雕刻家高棋按遗体形象塑造，十分逼真。
下面安葬着孙中山先生的遗体。墓穴直径4米深5米，外用钢筋混凝土密封。南京解放后，刘伯承任市长时，特地从湖南运来2万株杉树和梧桐树，种植在这里。
30多年来，中山陵园不断整修拓新，整个园林面积达3000多公顷。陵墓周围，郁郁葱葱，景色优美。中山陵是我国伟大的民主革命先行者孙中山的陵墓，位于南京紫金山中茅山南麓，陵墓的建筑，壮丽雄伟。到南京游览的人，一般都要到中山陵瞻仰这位革命家的墓地。孙中山先生虽然与世长辞，但是他浩气长存，永远为世人所敬仰。

中山陵的建筑风格中西合壁，钟山的雄伟形势与各个牌坊、陵门、碑亭、祭堂和墓室，通过大片绿地和宽广的通天台阶，连成一个大的整体，显得十分庄严雄伟，既有深刻的含意，又显得十分庄严雄伟，更有宏伟的气势，设计非常成功，所以被誉为“中国近代建筑史上的第一陵”。

Sun Yat-sen was China's great statesman Sun Yat-sen's tomb. It is located in east China's Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Zhongshan eastern XIAOMAOSHAN the south, next to Xiao, a close Spirit Valley East, and build a mountainside. increased gradually from south to north along the axis, the whole building complex layers of the mountain and increase the momentum of magnificent.
March 12, 1925, Dr. Sun Yat-sen died in Beijing, in accordance with the wishes of his lifetime buried in Zhongshan. Biyunsi suspended on the coffins, 86, and decided to build his tomb in Nanjing Zhongshan. Since the spring of 1926 to start the summer of 1929 to build.
Sun Yat-sen sit north to south, covering an area of 800 million square meters, of which the Great Hall of the festival palace-building simulation, have three arches. doorway inscribed with "nation, civil rights, and the people's" banners. Dr. Sun Yat-sen, festival halls placed marble Zuoxiang, Dr. Sun Yat-sen wall engraved with the text of a handwritten "principles for national reconstruction".
Its main structures : the arch, coins, Mausoleum doors Pavilion, and the tomb of the Great Hall and other ceremonies. From the air down, the Sun Yat-sen as a supine in the Green delivered acrylic blankets on the "freedom bell." Foot of the statue of Dr. Sun Yat-sen is the steeple bell, semilunar Place bell roof arcs, top of the tomb and the tomb of the hemispherical dome roof, as the first round bell pendulum slip. Place the tripod southern Taiwan (now the images of Dr. Sun Yat-sen) to the clock bell in New York, the "ting" is the ancient symbol of power. The clock is therefore with the whole "to arouse the people to build in" with the United States. Sun images of heroic vitality, the gesture seems to swing between the destiny of the speech was delivered.
Chungshan is the original greet bier Road, is Dr. Sun Yat-sen when the coffins through the south. Nanjing is the first asphalt road, started in 1926, completed in 1929. At that time, the preparatory office of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's funeral affairs program designed to recruit tomb. .
The results, the design architect Lv direct "Liberty Bell" type design won first prize. Lv also been hired to direct the grave of Chief Architect. This set of construction, type combination, use of color, material handling performance and detail, we have achieved very good results, color harmony. thereby enhancing the solemn atmosphere.
Entrance to the grave of a tall granite arch, a handwritten Dr. Sun Yat-sen the "fraternity" two Rongji. In such a landmark building is used to singing the praises of the main functions. "Fraternity" revealed word of Dr. Sun Yat-sen are broad-minded and lofty ideals. After the arch is 375 meters long, 40 meters wide oval. Behavior Mausoleum doors, it's a light blue glazed tile roofs, doors places on the works of Dr. Sun Yat-sen "commerce" four characters.
Here the use of the color blue glazed tile has a certain meaning that the color blue symbol of the heavens : the color blue, glazed tiles containing Whether it is realized. Dr. Sun Yat-sen so as to show the breadth of the country and the people in mind. Choice for further progress. The steles piece about 6 meters high on the words "Republic of China on June 1 1929 Chinese Kuomintang funeral here, Mr. Prime Minister Sun," a unique golden characters. From the festival reached a landmark court began, a total of 392 stone steps grade eight platform.
Climbing the stairs so many extremely difficult, but when you finish this long after the steepest stairs. will realize "the" premier wills "," the exhortation : "The revolution has yet to succeed, keep on working hard," meaning. Level with the granite blocks in Suzhou
The platform has a maximum two-table, after the festival Hall. China is a columnar table markers, signs in the Great Hall of this festival. Festival Hall has three arches, the sub-book "nation", "human rights" and "people" from the amount. Here is the festival palace-style Great Hall of imitation. Sun Festival Hall doorway engraved with a handwritten "world justice," The characters struggle to express the ideals of Dr. Sun Yat-sen.
Dr. Sun Yat-sen Hall has marble Zuoxiang, 4.6 meters high, realistic, Portland is world famous sculptor Paul sinus Karpinski masterpiece. Block things around as a reflection of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary deeds of arms. Festival Hall Wall things handwritten marble engraved with the posthumous work of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's "principles for national reconstruction" and Mr.hu others write "the" premier wills ",".
Here, we will not see the Sun Yat-sen to overthrow the feudal monarchy immortal donated 2,000 years of history and hard struggle, I also see the Sun as the Chinese independent, strong and grand plans for the founding ideas. Yet Hall after two heavy, made of either copper front door, door frames through black marble blocks. Dr. Sun Yat-sen handwritten on the "noble spirit that will never perish" banners.
Dual fan brass door for independence, on the eastern gate "Mr. Sun Yat-sen's Tomb" stone. Comes round tomb, 18 meters in diameter and 11 meters high. Central is a long hole, lying on top of the white marble like Dr. Sun Yat-sen, He visited the site may lie around like the white marble railing overlooking the casket, as this system moves by the Czech sculptor high body image creation very realistic.
Dr. Sun Yat-sen's remains buried below. Grave 4 meters in diameter and five meters deep, external reinforced concrete sealing. After the liberation of Nanjing, Liu Bocheng, as mayor, specially shipped in from Hunan 20000 Pine and Chinese parasol trees were planted here.
30 years ago, Dr. Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum constant exploration of new renovation, the entire garden area of more than 3,000 hectares. Around the graveyard, full of dynamism and attractive. Sun Yat-sen was a great revolutionary forerunner Dr. Sun Yat-sen's tomb, located in the south of Nanjing Zijinshan Maoshan China. tomb building, a magnificent and majestic. The visit to Nanjing, the general must pay tribute to Sun Yat-sen's revolutionaries of the cemetery. Although Dr. Sun Yat-sen died, but his noble spirit that will never perish, and the world will never have to admire.
Sun Yat-sen's fusion of Eastern and Western architectural styles, was the situation with various Zhongshan majestic arch, Mausoleum doors Pavilion, Festival Hall and tomb large green and the sky through a broad level, even as a whole, is very solemn and majestic both profound meaning Also it is very solemn and majestic, more grand finale, the design was very successful. So as the "first modern Chinese architectural history of the Mausoleum."
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