列举高中生物所有遗传病的病因(像是伴性遗传,染色体缺失等等)
推荐回答(3个)
遗传病 由于遗传物质改变而引起的人类疾病。1.相关病例:(1)单基因病:①遗传类型:类 型课 本 病 例常染色体显性多指、并指、软骨发育不全隐性白化病、苯丙酮尿症、先天性聋哑、镰刀型细胞贫血症性染色体X染色体显性抗维生素D佝偻病隐性色盲、血友病、进行性肌营养不良Y染色体外耳道多毛症②症状及病因:类型病例症 状病 因常染色体显性软骨发育不全体态异常:四肢短小畸形,上臂和大腿表现明显;腰椎过度前凸;腹部明显隆起;臀部后凸;身材短小。由致病基因导致长骨端部软骨细胞的形成出现障碍。隐性苯丙尿酮症智力低下、头发发黄、尿中含过多的苯丙酮酸而有异味。可通过化验尿来诊断。 缺少控制合成一种酶的正常基因,导致苯丙氨酸不能转变成酪氨酸,而转变成苯丙酮酸X染色体显性抗维生素D佝偻病X型或O型腿、骨骼发育畸形(如鸡胸)、生长缓慢等症状。致病基因引起患者对Ca、P吸收不良而导致骨发育障碍。隐性进行性肌营养不良肌肉萎缩、无力而导致行走困难,后期双侧腓肠肌呈假性肥大(肌组织被结缔组织替代),4-5岁发病,20岁前死亡。致病基因导致肌肉发育不良,肌肉功能障碍。③各种类型单基因病的特点:i)性状显隐性规律:a.若父母都正常,子代中有患者出现,则该病为隐性遗传病。(即无中生有)注:若子代患者为女性,则为常染色体隐性遗传。b.若父母都有病,子代中有正常的出现,则该病为显性遗传病。(即有中生无)注:若子代中正常个体为女性,则为常染色体显性遗传。ii)伴性遗传的特点: a.X染色体显性遗传:父病女必病,母常子必常,女常父必常,子病母必病。(即男病其母、女病,女常其父、子常) b.X染色体隐性遗传:母病子必病,父常女必常,子常母必常,女病父必病。(即女病其父、子病,男常其母、女常)c.Y染色体遗传:家族中只有男性患病,且父病子必病,父常子必常,反之成立。iii)细胞质遗传的特点:母病后代必病,母常后代必常。(2)多基因病 唇裂、无脑儿、原发性高血压、青少年型糖尿病等(3)染色体异常病①猫叫综合征病因:人的第5号染色体部分缺失引起的遗传病症状:患病儿哭声轻,音调高,像猫叫。两眼距离较远,耳位低下,生长发育迟缓,而且存在严重的智力障碍。②21三体综合征病因:第21号染色体比正常人多出一条。症状:智力低下、身体发育缓慢。面容特殊:眼间距宽、外眼角上斜,口常半张、舌常伸出口外,又叫伸舌样痴呆。③性腺发育不良病因:患者缺少一条X染色体。症状:身体矮小,肘常外翻,颈部皮肤松弛为蹼。外观为女性,但性腺发育不良,乳房不发育,无生殖能力。2.基础知识:单基因病的种类、特点及遗传系谱的识别;减数分裂和受精作用与生物体前后代染色体数目;细胞分裂异常与染色体数目变异;遗传病的危害及防治等。3.知识拓展:(1)如果基因中的一个碱基发生改变,一定会导致性状改变吗?为什么?(提示:不一定,有的氨基酸对应多个密码子)(2)如何确定某种单基因病的遗传类型?(提示:家族调查)(六)环境污染导致的疾病1.相关病例:水俣病:日本水俣湾Hg中毒引起2.基础知识:生物圈的稳态3.知识拓展:调查环境污染对生物的影响(提示:参见高二生物必修教材第二册第九章研究性课题)(七)其它疾病:1.相关病例:癌症:癌细胞定义在个体发育过程中,有的细胞由于受到致癌因子的作用,不能正常地完成细胞分化,而变成了不受机体控制的,连续进行分裂的恶性增殖细胞,这种细胞就是癌细胞。特征1.能够无限增殖;2.形态结构发生了变化;3.癌细胞表面发生了变化,易在机体内分散和转移。致癌因子1.物理致癌因子:主要是辐射致癌;2.化学致癌因子:如苯、砷、煤焦油等3.病毒致癌因子:能使细胞癌变的病毒叫肿瘤病毒或致癌病毒。已发现150多种。机理癌细胞是由于原癌基因激活,细胞发生转化引起的。预防1.避免接触致癌因子;2.增强体质,保持心态健康,养成良好习惯,从多方面积极采取预防措施。2.基础知识:癌细胞的定义、特征、产生及细胞癌变的机理、预防3.知识拓展:(1)为什么吸烟容易得肺癌?(提示:香烟中含有烟焦油等致癌物质)(2)你对家庭装修有什么看法和建议?(提示:从装修材料的选择、装修材料中所含有的物理、化学因素对人类健康的影响等方面进行分析。)二、近年来人类遭遇的大规模疾病
遗传病有3种
1:单基因遗传病:(1)显性遗传病:并指,软骨发育不全,抗维生素D佝偻病。都是由于显性基因引起。(2)隐形遗传病:白化病,先天性聋哑,苯丙酮尿症。都是由于隐性基因引起。
2:多基因遗传病:唇裂,无脑儿等。由于多个基因控制的病。
3:染色体异常遗传病:21三体综合征。因为21号染色体多出一条染色体。
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