米非司酮片此药目前市面上常见剂量有三种:10MG;25MG;200MG
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米索前列醇(Misoprostol,Miso)是20世纪80年代人工合成的前列腺素E1衍生物,原用于治疗消化性溃疡,自1987年Rabe等首次提出Miso有终止早期妊娠的作用后,被广泛用于早孕药物流产〔1〕。Miso多通过阴道或口服方式给药,但阴道放药不便且易增加感染机会,个别病例药物溶解不完全或阴道流血过多可能影响药物吸收;口服给药虽然依从性较好,但疗效平平,且部分患者会因呕吐而损失药量、影响效果,空腹时间过长也易引发低血糖反应。故近来国外一些学者开始探索舌下含服的方法,并初步显示了其可行性和优越性,为早孕药物流产开辟了更加简捷有效的新途径。 1Miso舌下含服的药理学基础及相关研究 1.1舌下含服的药物吸收机制在各种给药途径中,舌下含服的药物吸收速度和生物利用度仅次于静脉注射和吸入。舌下黏膜渗透能力强,流经黏膜的血液经舌静脉、面静脉、后腭静脉和颈内静脉直接进入循环系统,避免了肝脏的首过效应,避开了胃肠道消化液的降解,且不受食物作用和胃排空状态的影响。 1.2Miso经不同给药途径的药代动力学研究Tang等〔2〕用气相层析同步质谱法测定了40例早孕妇女分别经舌下、口服、阴道、阴道加水的给药途径给予Miso400μg后的药代动力学指标。其体内活性代谢产物米索前列酸的血药浓度峰值(Cmax)分别为574.8pg/ml、287.6pg/ml、125.2pg/ml、162.8pg/ml;到达峰值的时间(Tmax)分别为26.0min、27.5min、72.0min、75.0min;舌下组的由曲线下面积AUC360决定的生物利用度显著高于另3组。Bygdeman等〔3〕也报道了口服Miso的Tmax约为30min,阴道组的Tmax为70~80min,舌下组的Tmax与口服组一样,但血药浓度下降的显著慢。由此可见,舌下、口服、阴道3种给药途径中,舌下含服的Cmax最高,药物吸收速度最快且最完全。 1.3Miso经不同给药途径的兴奋子宫肌作用研究Aronsson等〔4〕测定了舌下、口服、阴道给予Miso400μg后的子宫张力变化。宫内压开始增加的时间分别为11.5min、7.8min、19.4min,舌下组与口服组差异无显著性,但均显著快于阴道组。最大压值未明确指出,但除了给药后15min时舌下组的宫内压稍低于口服组外,其他同期均高于口服组和阴道组,且给药后75min、105min、135min时舌下组与口服组的差异有统计学意义。研究还发现,舌下组和阴道组均有规律宫缩,口服组却没有,其机制尚不清楚。可见,舌下组发挥兴奋子宫肌的作用比阴道组更快、比口服组更强。 2Miso舌下含服的研究现状 目前国内已有关于舌下Miso用于预防剖宫产术后出血〔5〕和足月妊娠引产〔6〕的研究,也有用于绝经后妇女取环的报道〔7〕。 Tang等〔8〕首次将舌下Miso用于药物流产,其中的中期妊娠部分,对18例平均孕15周者给予400μgMiso舌下含服,每3h1次,每天最多5次,24h内胎儿娩出率为72.2,48h内胎儿娩出率为94.4,另一名孕妇于51.8h娩出胎儿,初步证实了舌下Miso的可行性。Vimala等〔9〕对50例平均孕17.5周的中期妊娠者给予800μgMiso单次舌下含服,24h内胎儿娩出率为82,48h内胎儿娩出率为92,表明大剂量单次给药与小剂量重复给药的药流效果相似,可见舌下Miso对终止中期妊娠也有较好的效果。 舌下Miso对早期妊娠药物流产的应用,仍处于起步阶段。国外近来才有相关研究,国内尚未发现这方面的报道。现有的研究虽初步显示了其可行性和优越性,但试验设计有待进一步完善,还有一些问题有待深入探索,现分析如下。 2.1Miso舌下含服用于早孕药物流产为了更加直观、有条理地描述现有的8个试验,将各试验的主要研究方法及评价指标列于表1。 表1现有的Miso舌下含服用于早孕药流的临床研究(略) 注:ˇ单用Miso;△口服200mg米非司酮36~48h后联合应用Miso;—未统计 Tang等〔8〕是第一个将Miso舌下含服用于早孕药流的临床研究,首次证实了Miso舌下含服的可行性。Tang等〔12〕是第一个比较舌下和阴道途径的随机对照试验。Wagaarachchi等〔13〕是第一个米非司酮联合舌下Miso用于早孕药流的研究。Tang等〔16〕则是第一个比较米非司酮联合舌下或阴道Miso的随机对照试验。 2.1.1完全流产率此类研究最关注的就是完全流产率的问题,由于受试对象入选标准、孕龄及用药剂量的差异,在一定程度上降低了各研究间的可比性。
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