as在定语从句中是关系代词,可做句子成分。但在上述两个句子中,as只是在引导定语从句而已,不作句子成分。
as 引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个主句;which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外,as有“正如……,正像……”的意思
(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.
(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.
(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe.
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As 的用法例
1. the same… as;such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句,常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语;
例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式。
一、“as / which” 特殊定语从句的先行成分
1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分,如:
My grandmother’s house was always of great importance to me, as my own is.
在一定的语言环境里,有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是,在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后,引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who / whom.
2. 动词短语先行成分。
这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语,它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as / which一起代替。do可以出现,也可以不出现,但不能用其它动词代替。
3. 句子作先行成分。
这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子,有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。
二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置
由于先行成分的构成成分不同,“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况:
1. 形容词做先行成分时:形容词或形容词短语(含具有形容词性质的名词)作先行成分,“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。
2. 动词短语作先行成分时:动词短语作先行成分时,“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是,当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时,“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。
3. 句子作先行成分时:“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活,可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语,“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句,“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点,所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里,“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。
三、“as/which”特殊定语从句的语义功能
一般说来,as与which的语义功能相同,可以相互替换。但先行成分为句子时,它们的语义功能则有差异。
1. 表示结果
表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系,从句中往往使用有结果意义的词,如动词result, make, enable, cause和形容词interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。
2. 表示评注
表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向,它通常与那些表示客观事实,普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用;从句中则常用一些表示“合乎自然规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发生”等意义的词语,如natural, known to all, usual等。
3. 有无状语意义
“as”特殊定语从句具有状语意义(主要是方式状语意义),而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义。“as”特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致,“which”特殊定语从句则不受这种限制。
四、关系代词as与which的句法功能
1. as / which 在特殊定语从句中作主语。
as作主语时,谓语动词常为连系动词(主要是be, seem),主语补语为usual、 a rule、 a matter of fact等时,系动词be习惯经常省略。行为动词作“as”特殊定语从句的谓语时一般用于被动语态(其中助动词be常略),不及物的行为动词在“as”特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少,常见的有happen一词。如:
Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.
Which作主语时,谓语动词不限,主语被动皆可,只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词be省略。
2. as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。
3. as和 which在特殊定语从句中作补语。如:
We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be.
“as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装,“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。
如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语,关系代词用which而不用as。如:
He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.
4. which在特殊从定语句中作定语。
which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语,修饰fact, matter, thing 等名词。这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义,有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as不能作定语。如:
I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed
as引导的定语从句一般需要注意与which引导的定语从句之间的区别。which与as都可以引导定语从句,但它们有许多用法上的区别,现就此简要分析如下:一、which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别:1.Which只能放在主句后面,而as引导的从句位置相对较灵活,可在前,可在中,也可在后。例如:A) As he realized, I was very useful to him.(在前)B) Air, as we know, is a gas.(在中)C) He was a foreigner,as I know from his accent.(在后)2.在which引导的定语从句中,谓语动词若是am, is, are则这些系动词不能省略;而as后面若是这种情况,则可以省略。例如:A) He is a teacher, as (is) clear from his manner.(is可以省略)B) He said he had never seen her before, which was not true.(was不可省略)3.当which引导的从句在意义上近乎并列关系时,可以用and this,and that代替,意思是“这件事”例如:A) He changed his mind, which(and this, and that)made me very angry.他改变了主意,这使我很生气。B) She has married again, which(=and this, and that)was unexpected.出乎意料的是,她又结婚了。而as主要起与上下文连接的作用,表达说话人的看法、观点,并指出主句内容的出处或根据等,例如:C)Einstein, as we know, is a famous scientist.爱因斯坦,众所周知,是位伟大的科学家。D)As is announced in today’s newspaper, we must improve our style of work.今天的报纸上说,我们必须改进工作作风。4.作主语时,which既可以作系动词be的主语,也可以作实义动词的主语;而这时as 只可以做系动词be的主语。例如:A) He married her, which was natural.(可用as代替which)他和她结婚,这是很自然的事。B) He won a/the Nobel Prize in chemistry, which made him illustrious. (不可用as 代替which)他获得了诺贝尔化学奖,这使他名扬天下。5.当定语从句位于主句之后,纯粹表示主句所述内容,不带有“如……那样”的意思时,往往用which,而不用as。例如:A) They were invited to the state banquet, which(as)was a great honor to them.他们被邀请参加国宴,这对他们来说是莫大的荣幸。B) We had to sleep in our wet clothes, which was most uncomfortable.我们不得不穿着湿衣服睡觉,这简直太不舒服了。C) Mummy always treats me just like a baby, which I can’t bear.妈妈老把我当成小孩对待,这让我无法忍受。6.当定语从句有“如同……那样”含义时,用as比用which更常见,而这些从句几乎成为固定说法。例如:A) Things will turn out contrary to one’s wishes, as is often the case.事与愿违,这是常用的事。B) As was natural, this inordinate hope was followed by an excessive depression.这种过分希望之后,接着是极度的沮丧,是很自然的事。C) Chaucer is buried in “poet’s Corner”,as might have been expected.正如人们已经预料的,乔叟被葬在“诗人角”。D) The material is elastic, as is shown in the figure.这种霉烂有弹性,如图所示。E) As we know(众所周知)F) As has been said above/before(正如前文所述)G) As has been pointed out(正如已经指出的)H) As might be imagined(可以想象得到)7.当定语从句的关系代词指的是先行词本身时,只能用which。例如:A) These apple trees, which I planted three years ago, have not borne any fruit.这些苹果树是我三年前种下的,没结出任何果实。B) The Thames, which is now clean enough to swim in, was polluted for over a hundred years.泰晤士河,现在已经干净,可以在里面游泳,它曾被污染了一百多年。8.带介词的典型的定语从句,必须用which,不能用as。例如:A) There is a great deal of oxygen around us, without which we could not live.我们周围有许多氧气,没有它我们就无法生存。B) The shed in our garden, in which we often played, has lasted for a long time.我们经常玩耍的花园里的那个棚子,已经有很长时间了。二、引导限制定语从句时which与as的区别:1.先行词如为表示物的名词或代词,在从句中又做介词的宾语时,只能用which。例如:This is the pan in which I boiled the milk.这就是我煮牛奶的锅。2.前面有as时,引导定语从句的关系代词用as,不用which。例如:There are as many dictionaries as are needed.所需要的字典都有了。3.前面有such时,引导定语从句的关系代词用as,不用which。1)Such women as know Tom thought he was charming.认识汤姆的女人都认为他很迷人。2)I have never heard such stories as he tells.他讲的那些故事我从没有听过。3)He is not such a man as I expected.他不是我期望的那种人。1. 前面有the same时,引导定语从句的关系代词用as而不用which。例如:1)We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.我们现面临着和多年以前同样的困难。2)This is the same wallet as I lost.这只钱夹子与我丢失的那只相同。3)I have the same trouble as you have.我和你有着同样的困难。总之,which与as引导定语从句的区别要在实践中多体会,体会多了,才能正确运用。