定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分,定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句,结果状语从句,让步状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。
一、 限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表示时间
〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导
二、非限定性定语从句:非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3. 有时as也可用作关系代词
4. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物
常考的强调句结构是it 引导的句子。
It is (was) 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。
此结构强调的成分仅限于主语,宾语和状语。
It is from the sun that we get light and heat.
It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.
典型例题
1) It was last night ___ I see the comet.
A. the time B. when C. that D. which
答案C. 强调句的结构是: It +be +强调部分 + that (who) + 主谓句。 强调句的连词只有两个,that和who。当强调的部分是人,且为句子的主语时,才用 "who",其余用that。
原句: My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调主语: It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调宾语: It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
强调时间: It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用when)
强调地点: It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.
2)It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.
A. that B. when C. since D. as
答案C. 考点是连词用法。 本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是,去掉It be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that',只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。
It is /was +时间+ since… 其中is<---> has been was <---> had been.
常考的强调句结构是it 引导的句子。
It is (was) 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。
此结构强调的成分仅限于主语,宾语和状语。
其他情况就差不多可以理解为定语从句了
在英文中,有两种定语从句:限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别:
限定性定语从句限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏,对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉,会影响句子意思的完整性;有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如:
Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located .
为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展,热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐。
Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.
洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。
They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.
他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。
非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散,它与主句之间有一个逗点","隔开;它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用,只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉,也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因,非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外,非限定性定语从句在中文译文里,我们往往将其作为一个分句处理,而不把它作定语翻译。 例如:Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy .
(此句中,非限定性定语从句是对先行词a sphere进行补充、说明。)
更早之前,巴比伦人曾试图绘制世界地图,但是他们把它绘制成平盘状而不是托勒密所采用的球体状。
The combination of satellites, which transmit information , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center .
(此句中,三个非限定性定语从句分别对三个先行词:satellites ,computers和television进行补充、说明。如果去掉这三个非限定性定语从句,那么句子可简化为:
The combination of satellites , computers and television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .)卫星能传输信息,计算机能储存信息,电视能显示信息,把这些手段结合起来可以使每个家庭都成为教育娱乐的中心。
The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .(此句中,非限定性定语从句是对全句进行补充、说明,将全句表达的意思看成"一件事情)。太阳给予大地热,这就使植物的生长成为可能。
The old man has a son , who is in the army .(此句中,非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是:"这位老人只有一个儿子" 。如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句:
The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。那么,限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来,句子所传达的信息就变成了:"这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作,还有其他的儿子在干别的工作"。)那位老人有一个儿子,他在部队工作。
1、英语中无论是口语还是书面语都离不了“强调”,“强调”的方法也多种多样。在口语中一般借助语调的变化来表示,也就是重读句中要强调的某个词或某个部分;在书面语中可以通过词汇手段、语法手段或修辞手段来进行强调,以加强语势。下面谈谈如何用这几种手段表“强调”。 一、词汇手段表强调 英语中有些词在句中起强调作用,强调句中的动词、名词、数词、形容词、副词等。常见的如下: (一)do表强调 1.在一般句型中,do(does,did)常用来强调谓语动词的语气,在句中要重读,且需符合下列两个条件:1句子是肯定句;2句子中的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般过去时。此时的do可译为“真的”、“果真”、“的确”、“确实”等。例如: You do look nice today.你今天看起来真的很漂亮。 Jack said he would come and he did come.杰克说他要来,他果真来了。 2.在祈使句中,do表强意的请求,而不是命令,有时它可以使邀请对方的心意更加客气、热情、友好,而且亲切,此时的do可译为“务”、“务必”等。例如: Please do sit down.务请坐下。 Do be careful!请务必小心谨慎! Do tell me all about it.I'll keep it a dead secret.请告诉我吧,我一定严守秘密。 (二)good表强调 1.形容词good置于名词或形容词之前,可以起到强调作用,在不同的句子中可译为:“足足”、“整整”、“狠狠地”、“相当”、“很”等。例如: It'll take you a good four hours to get there.到达那里足足需要你四个小时。 His father gave him a good beating.他父亲狠狠地揍了他一顿。 I covered a good hundred miles that day.那天我整整走了一百英里。除good之外,cool,solid,clear等词也可以用来表强调。例如: His father earns a cool thousand dollars a month.他父亲每月能挣足足一千美元。 She has been waiting for her husband a solid hour.她等她丈夫等了整整一个小时。 The snake measures ten clear feet long.蛇足有十英尺长。 2.形容词good和and结合起来,构成good and …表强调,程度副词作状语,相当于very,thoroughly,completely等,强调and之后的形容词或副词。例如: These apples are good and ripe.这些苹果完全熟透了。 He drove good and fast.他开车相当快。 When it was good and dark,he left his home。当天完全黑了时,他离开了家。 除good之外,形容词nice,fine,sweet,rare,lovely等词也可以与and连用表强调。例如: The building stands nice and high.这座建筑挺高。 The child was rare and hungry.这孩子饿得慌。 It was lovely and cool there.那儿非常凉爽。 (三)very表强调 very常用在the,this,that或物主代词my,his ,our,your之后,加强名词的语意,意为“正是”、“就是”、“仅仅”、“甚至”等。例如: You are the very man I'm looking for.你正是我要找的人。 At this very moment the telephone rang.就在这个时候电话铃响了。 He knows our very thoughts.他甚至了解我们内心深处的思想。 The fault is your very own.这完全是你自己的错。 (四)only表强调 only常置于单数名词之前,以加强名词的语意,意为“唯一的”、“仅有的”、“最合适的”、“无与伦比的”等。例如: This is the only book of its kind in the world.这本书是世界上仅有的一本。 Mr Brown is the only person able to do it.布朗先生是唯一能胜任的人。 She is the only woman for the position.她是那个职位的最佳人选。 二、语法手段表强调 语法手段表强调指的是英语中的某些固定的强调句型,表强调的句型主要有两个:“it”强调句和假拟强调句。 (一)it强调句 it强调句结构为:“It is (was)+被强调的部分+that(who/whom)+句子的其它成分”,这种强调句除了不能强调谓语动词外,其它句子成分,如主语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语等都可以强调。例如:Anne had a severe heart attack last night.安妮昨晚得了严重的心脏病。 此句可以用三个强调句分别强调主语、宾语和状语。 It was Anne that had a severe heart attack last night.正是安妮昨晚得了严重的心脏病。(强调主语) It was a severe heart attack that Anne had last night.安妮昨晚得的是严重的心脏病。(强调宾语) It was last night that Anne had a severe heart attack.就是在昨晚安妮得了严重的心脏病。(强调状语) 又如:It is Chairman of the committee that they elected him.他们选举他担任的是这个委员会的主席。(强调宾补) It was because she was ill that she didn't go to school yesterday.正是因为她病了,她昨天才没去上学。(强调原因状语从句) it强调句还需注意以下几点: 1.如果被强调的主语或宾语是人时,可用that也可用who。例如: It is a policeman who (that) my son wants to be.我儿子想当的就是警察。 2.如果被强调的是人称代词,该人称代词可以用主格,也可以用宾格。非正式文体中多用宾格。例如: It is he(him)that is to blame.该受责备的是他。 3.如果原句中含有not…until,转变成强调句时,其结构为:It is(was)not until…that…。例如: I didn't get your letter until yesterday.→It wasn't until yesterday that I got your letter.直到昨天我才收到你的来信。 4.如果原句是一般疑问句,其强调结构为:Is(Was) it…that…;如果原句是特殊疑问句,其强调结构为:特殊疑问词+is (was)it that…。例如: Was it at eight o'clock that you began to work?你是在八点钟开始工作的吗? Where was it that you met him?你是在什么地方遇到他的? Why was it that he couldn't answer the question?他为什么不能回答这个问题? (二)假拟强调句 假拟强调句是一种主系表型的句子结构,它的两种形式:一是“what引导的从句+be+被强调的部分”,另一个是“被强调的部分+be+what引导的从句”。 1.“what引导的从句+be+被强调的部分”。此句型中被强调的部分是句中的表语,它可以是动词不定式、动名词短语或名词。例如: What he could do was (to) wait for the arrival of the doctor.他能做的就是等大夫来。(动词不定式) What the professor has been doing for years is studying the subject.教授几年来干的事情就是研究这个问题。(动名词短语) What John wants is a ball.约翰想要的是球。(名词) 2.“被强调的部分+be+what引导的从句”。此句型中被强调的部分是句中的主语。例如: A kite was what Bill made at school yesterday.比尔昨天在学校里制作的是一个风筝。 三、修辞手法表强调 修辞手法表强调指的是一些倒装句,为了强调句中的某一成分,或者用来描绘动作,抒发情感,或为保持句子的平稳而使用倒装句。例如: Never have I seen such a good film.我从来没看过这么好的电影。 Only in this way can you learn English well.只有用这种方法才能学好英语。 So easy was the task that they finished it in a few days.这项工作非常容易,他们几天就完成了。 Such was my study plan.这就是我的学习计划。 Buried in the sands was an ancient village.埋在沙土之中的是一个古老的村庄。
常考的强调句结构是it 引导的句子。
It is (was) 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。
此结构强调的成分仅限于主语,宾语和状语。
It is from the sun that we get light and heat.
It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.
典型例题
1) It was last night ___ I see the comet.
A. the time B. when C. that D. which
答案C. 强调句的结构是: It +be +强调部分 + that (who) + 主谓句。 强调句的连词只有两个,that和who。当强调的部分是人,且为句子的主语时,才用 "who",其余用that。
原句: My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调主语: It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调宾语: It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
强调时间: It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用when)
强调地点: It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.
2)It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.
A. that B. when C. since D. as
答案C. 考点是连词用法。 本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是,去掉It be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that',只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。
It is /was +时间+ since… 其中is<---> has been was <---> had been.