初中英语直接引语与间接引语的区别和用法

引述别人的话时，一般采用两种方式：一是引用别人的原话，把它放在引号内，称为直接引语;二是用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内，称为间接引语。间接引语在大多数情况下是一个宾语从句。直接引语变成间接引语时，要注意以下几点：人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述句语序等。
1. 直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，由连词that 引导。例如：
She said, “I am very happy to be with you.” →She said (that) she was very happy to be with me.
He said,“I will choose a book for my students.” →He said(that)he would choose a book for his students.
2. 直接引语是一般疑问句时，变成间接引语，由连词whether或if 引导。例如：
He asked me, “Do you like watching TV?”→He asked me if/whether I liked watching TV.
He asked, “Are you sure your mother will come?”→He asked me whether / if I was sure my mother would come.
注意：大多数情况下， if和whether 在引导宾语从句时可以互换，但后紧跟or not时,一般只用whether。例如：
She asked me whether or not he could do the work. / She asked me whether he could do the work or not.
3. 直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语时，由相应的连接词who, whom, what, whose, how, when, why, where 等引导。例如：
He asked: “Where are you to get off, John?” →He asked John where he was to get off.
My sister asked me, “How do you like the play?”→My sister asked me how I liked the play.
Tom asked me, “Who is the boy over there?”→Tom asked me, “Who was the boy over there?”
4. 直接引语是祈使句，其间接引语由主语+动词ask(委婉语气)，tell(一般语气)，order (命令语气)或warn, advise等+复合宾语(名/代词+动词不定式)构成。如：
He said, “Please come here again tomorrow.”→He asked me to go there again the next day.
“Be careful with the dog.”→He warned me to be careful with the dog.
5. 直接引语变间接引语时，如果引述动词为过去式，需注意时态的变化：如：
1) Betty said, “Lingling is singing in the classroom now.” 现在进行时→
Betty said Lingling was singing in the class room then.-过去进行时
2) He said, “I will go to London next week.” 一般将来时→
He said he would go to London next week. 过去将来时
3) My mother said, “I have already cleaned the house.” 现在完成时→
My mother said she had already cleaned the house. 过去完成时
注意:
1. 直接引语是客观事实、普遍真理等，主句尽管是过去时态，变成间接引语时，时态仍然用一般现在时态。例如：
They told their son,“The earth goes round the sun.”→They told their son that the earth goes round the sun.
2. 直接引语变间接引语时， 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、动词等要作相应的变化。如：this→that, these→those, now→then, today→that day, yesterday→the day before, last year→the year before, ago→before, here→there come→go等。例如：
He said, “I haven’t seen them today.” →He said that he hadn’t seen them that day.
但是，如果转述时对话人双方就在原来的地方，或在说话的当天，就不必改变相应的时间状语、地点状语等。总之,对这些变化不能机械理解，应根据实际情况来决定所作的变化。
3. 间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序，即主、谓、宾的顺序。