推荐回答(2个)
莫须有
“莫须有”的典故,出自“宋史”岳飞传,岳飞传记岳飞被捕,案子将要做成的时候,韩世忠不服,找秦桧质问。秦桧说,岳飞儿子岳云给张宪的反动信,虽然找不到了,可是“其事体莫须有”。韩世忠说:“‘莫须有’三字,何以服天下?”这就是莫须有被人注意的开始。
中国知识人读古书,摇头晃脑,做博学状,其实古书读得实在不行,因为他们读书不化,乱读一气。以“莫须有”三字为例,大家都解释做“没有”的意思,这是根本说不通的。秦桧若悍然说“莫须有”是“没有”,等于没有证据就整岳飞、等于公然承认自己胡来,天下哪有这种事?中国知识人人人读“宋史”岳飞传,可是人人都不深究这样解释如何说不通,真混球。
总算有一二敢提疑问的人出来了。徐乾学在《资治通鉴后编》一里,表示“莫须有”三字是弄错了,该是“必须有”;毕沅在《资治通鉴考异》里,用《中兴记事本末》的旁证,认为也该是“必须有”;朱彝尊说过这样才对。但是“莫”字改成“必”字,又根据什么呢?“莫”字和“必”字,明明是不同的两个字啊!俞正燮有鉴于此,他在《癸巳存稿》里,认为“莫须有”三字还是该从字面解释,认为该标点做“莫,须有”。“莫”表示秦桧的迟疑,“须有”表示必须有。“世忠截其语而合之,以诋桧之妄。”俞正燮这种解释,虽然不犯私改古书的毛病了,但犯了乱点古书的毛病,还是不通。
其实,“莫须有”三个字,是宋朝人的用法,应该从宋朝人的书里,去找旁证,这样才是解决问题的正宗。在宋朝人的书里,我发现《建炎以来系年要录》里有“莫须召二三大将来”的话;《曲淆旧闻》里有“莫须待介甫参告否”的话;《铁围山丛谈》里有“莫须问他否”的话;《宝真斋法书赞》里有“莫须与他明辩”的话;《分类夷坚志》里有“莫须谢尚书否”的话;《思陵录》里有“莫须批出”的话;《后村大全集》里有“莫须有人”的话。……从这些宋朝口语中,我们归纳出来“莫须”的语义,原来是“难道不”或“难道没”的意思。“莫须有”三个字,原来是“难道没有吗?”的意思。印证“宋史”原文:“狱之将上也,韩世忠不平,诣桧,诘其实。桧曰:‘飞子云与张宪书虽不明,其事体莫须有’。”翻成现代话,明明是“岳飞的罪名,难道没有吗?”的傲慢语气。这种语气,才正是当时针锋相对的对话,“莫须有”三个字这样解释,才说得通。
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