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对产于大陆碰撞造山带环境的斑岩型铜钼金或钨锡矿的含矿岩体、矿化蚀变、地球化学,以及矿床形成的构造背景特征等方面,总结出诸多新的认识(陈衍景等,2002;侯增谦,2004;毛景文等, 2007;胡瑞忠等,2008;曾庆栋等,2009;张旗等,2009a)。
下面以小兴安岭东南的鹿鸣—兴安—前进地区为例,早期含钼似斑状二长花岗岩总体上表现出中高硅(SiO2: 66.96%~70.96%)、富碱质(NK: 7.54%~8.39%、相对富钠Na2O>K2O)、富铝(Al2O3: 14.09%~15.41%)和低钛(TiO2: 0.18%~0.46%)、低钙(CaO: 1.72%~2.50%)、低镁(MgO: 0.40%~0.94%)的碰撞后陆内岩浆岩-构造组合特征(表4-2)。在Na2O+K2O-SiO2图和AFM图(图略)中岩石均落入靠近亚碱性岩区的钙碱性岩区。在判别岩石含铝性的A/CNK-A/NK图(图4-8)中,岩石落入过铝质—偏铝质岩石区。在K2O-SiO2图(图4-8)中均落入高钾钙碱性岩区。
图4-8 早中生代花岗岩A/CNK-A/NK图和K2O-SiO2图
表4-2 早中生代花岗岩岩石化学成分(wB/%)
续表
中期含矿二长花岗斑岩与不含矿二长花岗斑岩相比,以高SiO2(SiO2: 69.94%~82.14%)、富碱质(NK: 6.69%~8.38%、相对富钾且K2O>Na2O)及富铝(Al2O3: 8.63%~14.88%)低钛(TiO2:0.03%~0.59%)、低钙(CaO: 0.38%~1.42%)、低镁(MgO: 0.03%~1.54%)为特征而相区别(表4-2)。在A/CNK-A/NK图(图4~8)中,岩石大多落入过铝质岩石区,在K2O-SiO2图(图4-8)中落入高钾钙碱性岩区为主,少量钙碱性岩区。含钼二长花岗斑岩稀土元素总量(ΣREE)低,为55.70 ×10-6~118.61 ×10-6,轻重稀土比值(LR/HR)为6.96~10.42,为轻稀土富集,δEu为0.63~0.91,为铕中等-基本无亏损型。稀土配分曲线总体上呈左陡右缓的不对称右倾的“海鸥”型(表4-3、图4-9)。
晚期含矿正长花岗岩总体上表现为高硅(SiO2: 67.22%~67.80%)、富碱质(NK: 8.48%~8.91%、相对富钾且K2O >Na2O)、富铝(Al2O3: 15.28%~16.04%)和低钛(TiO2: 0.20%~0.22%)、低钙(CaO:0.60%~1.15%)、低镁(MgO: 0.32%~0.85%)的特征(表4-2)。在A/CNK-A/NK图(图4-8)中,岩石大多落入过铝质岩石区,在K2O-SiO2图(图4-8)中大多落入高钾钙碱性岩区,部分落入钾玄岩区。含矿岩石的稀土(ΣREE)总量为829.00 ×10-6~980.70 ×10-6,轻稀土元素(LREE)为744.51 ×10-6~904.00 ×10-6,重稀土元素(HREE)为44.77 ×10-6~47.54 ×10-6,LREE/HREE比值为15.66~19.77,δEu为0.17~0.22,为铕强负异常型(表4-3),其稀土总量、轻重稀土含量明显高于不含矿正长花岗岩,与区域上的非含矿正长花岗岩的稀土配分曲线形态总体上基本相似(图4-9),但含矿正长花岗岩的稀土曲线位于不含矿岩体上方,说明含矿岩体更为富集稀土元素的特点。
表4-3 早中生代花岗岩稀土及微量元素分析结果
续表
续表
图4-9 岩石稀土元素配分曲线图
[球粒陨石标准化数据分别引自Boynton(1984)]
在哈克图解(图4-10)中,含矿岩体与非含矿岩体的主要常量元素之间构成了较好的线性关系,可能说明了其岩体成因之间的关联性,随SiO2含量逐渐升高,岩石的Al2O3、TiO2、CaO、TFeO、MgO、P2O5等含量呈线性降低,而Na2O、K2O与SiO2线性关系不很明显,这说明了岩石的富碱特征的复杂性,可能是分离结晶作用与后期热液作用双重作用的结果。
含矿与不含矿似斑状二长花岗岩、二长花岗斑岩、正长花岗岩的稀土元素标准化配分曲线形态基本相似(图4-9),说明了其岩浆物质来源上的相似性,但含矿正长花岗岩的轻稀土元素更加富集, δEu亏损更明显,表现出岩浆分异演化的特征。
小兴安岭东南地区早中生代强烈的岩浆-热液活动提供了重要的热动力驱动来源的同时,对区内成矿元素的活化、运移和富集成矿起到了重要作用。含矿似斑状二长花岗岩岩体的成矿元素Mo含量66.76 ×10-6~369.15 ×10-6,Cu为38.18 ×10-6~339.60 ×10-6,明显高出区域上的似斑状二长花岗岩(0.50 ×10-6~1.49 ×10-6)值,Pb为13.74 ×10-6~15.80 ×10-6, Zn 为42.42 ×10-6~44.50 ×10-6。含矿二长花岗斑岩中成矿元素Mo含量为128.31 ×10-6~1254.35 ×10-6, Cu 为46.40 ×10-6~254.65 ×10-6,明显高出区域上的非含矿岩体,含矿正长花岗岩中成矿元素Pb为1363.90 ×10-6~5720.27 ×10-6,Zn为646.80 ×10-6~3261.60 ×10-6,明显高出非含矿岩体,Cu为20.70 ×10-6~39.10 ×10-6,也高出非含矿岩体(表4-3)。
图4-10 早中生代花岗岩哈克图解(图例同图4-9)
在K2O-K2O/Na2O图(图4-11)中,含矿岩体的K2O含量、K2O/Na2O 比值明显高于不含矿岩体。在Sr-Yb图(图4-12)中,较好地区分出含Mo二长花岗斑岩和含PbZn正长花岗岩,前者为低Sr低Yb类的喜马拉雅型花岗岩,后者为低Sr高Yb的南岭型花岗岩(张旗等,2009a),而不含矿的似斑状二长花岗岩、正长花岗岩总体上表现出低Sr高Yb区,为南岭-浙闽型花岗岩,少数为低Sr低Yb类的喜马拉雅型花岗岩和高Sr低Yb类埃达克型。以上说明在该地区可以利用花岗岩的Sr、Yb含量来较好地判别出含矿与不含矿岩体。
图4-11 早中生代花岗岩K2O-K2O/Na2O图
图4-12 早中生代花岗岩Sr-Yb图
(据张旗等,2009)
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