推荐回答(1个)
1.不同构造层次上剪切变形叠加(多相韧性变形带)
一般情况下,太古宙高级变质岩形成于地壳深部构造层次上,遭受多期不同构造层次上的变质变形作用改造,经过隆起抬升之后出露于地表。所以,高级片麻岩区许多大型剪切带都有长期活动的记录,如果变形作用伴随逐渐抬升和剥蚀,结果将造成剪切带中浅部构造层次剪切变形切过深部韧性剪切变形组构。事实上,在高级片麻岩区,许多晚期的碎裂岩和假玄武玻璃都是在早期糜棱岩带的内部或邻近的地方发现的,它们的存在被认为是在这些高级区抬升到地壳较浅的层次期间或之后,再次活动变形的产物(图4-1-1)。脆性断层岩和糜棱岩在大型剪切带露头上的分布一般是不对称的,这是因为构造片麻岩和糜棱岩沿着剪切带连续运动从较深的层次上被动抬升的缘故。此外,由于高级变质岩经历不同期次,不同构造环境下的多期变形作用改造,造成了不同类型,不同规模韧性剪切带共存或相互叠加改造复杂现象,也就是通常所谓的多构造相韧性剪切带共存或叠加。

图4-1-1 韧性剪切带从地壳深部到浅部的演化过程
(据Passchier等,1992)
a—地壳深部变形前均质体;b—形成韧性变形带;c—剪切带抬升期间再次活动变形,形成假玄武玻璃切割糜棱岩;d—最终抬升到地表
2.宏观特征多样性
韧性剪切带的规模,由肉眼可识别的毫米级的到宽达几十米延长可达上千米的大型构造带。从形态而言,古老的韧性剪切带可以被后期构造变形影响而发生褶皱,造成形态多变,而较新的韧性剪切带常常是呈线形构造。韧性变形结构也是多样的,可以是单一型,即发育在同一种岩石中,内部结构简单,也可以是复合型的,即是由多条不同规模不同特征的韧性剪切带组合在一起。它可以在同一构造旋回中随着地壳的抬升,环境和条件的改变,会有不同性质和特点的韧性剪切带叠加而形成复合韧性剪切带或称多期多相韧性剪切带,甚至成为长寿断裂。在一些复杂的多期多相韧性剪切带内,可以存在构造环境和运动方式方向不同的构造变形的叠加和改造现象。
韧性剪切带发育在变质深成侵入岩中通常形成由弱到强连续过渡的应变带,常具有递进变形的一系列特征,这种韧性剪切带,它无明确的变形边界。韧性剪切带在变质表壳岩或层状片麻岩中通常是与褶皱作用的面状构造置换以及顺层滑脱作用等密切伴生,导致变质层状岩石中出现十分特殊的变质构造岩带,由于剪切或压扁变形的影响,岩石中的构造平行化现象突出,在与未变形的岩石之间或为过渡渐变或呈截然相接,出现构造层片叠置的现象。
3.变形带内组构复杂性
韧性剪切带的岩石组成是以遭受程度不同的变形作用改造而形成的各种构造岩类为特色。岩石的原有矿物经受了固态晶质塑性变形构造、变质分异和同构造新生矿物形成。造成韧性剪切带内岩石—矿物组合的独具特色而区别于未变形区。韧性剪切带是深部地壳中一个构造薄弱带,它通常构成地壳内一个线形的热液蚀变带、退变质带、线形构造岩浆侵入带和成矿带。韧性剪切带内的宏观构造样式和其图形以及内部的构造要素组合是多样的和复杂的,但构造运动的指向构造发育和构造变形的不均匀性是其重要特色。
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