直接引语转为间接引语

1. 直接引语为陈述句时如何变为间接引语的方法
将直接引语变为由that引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后(that引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后也可省略)。如：He said, “I want to buy a dictionary.” →He said (that) he wanted to buy a dictionary. 注：(1) 若引述动词用的是say to sb这样的句型，则通常改为tell sb：：“I hope you can come,” he said to me. →He told me that he hoped I could go. (2) 若直接引语是两个并列的陈述句，要注意在第二个宾语从句前加连词that：He said, “I am tired and I want to have a rest.”→He said that he was tired and that he wanted to have a rest.在此种情况下，引导第一个宾语从句的that在此种情况下，引导第一个有时可以省略，但引导第二个宾语从句的that通常不省略，以免误解。

2. 直接引语为一般疑问句时如何变为间接引语的方法
将直接引语变为由if 或 whether if 引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后：“Have you been there?” he asked. →He asked if I had been there.注：(1) 改为宾语从句的间接引语要用陈述句词序。(2) 若直接引语的引述动词为say，改成间接引语应将其改为asksay等：“Do you like it?” he said. →He asked if [whether] I liked it.

3. 直接引语为特殊疑问句时如何变为间接引语的方法
将直接引语变为由“疑问词”引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后：He said, “Jim, when is the next train?” →He asked Jim when the next train was. 注：(1) 改为宾语从句的间接引语要用陈述句词序。(2) 若直接引语的引述动词为mes New Roman'">(2) ，改成间接引语应将其改为ask等：He said, “Where is the station?”
→He asked where the station was.”

4. 直接引语变间接引语的五点变化
(1) 时态的变化。直接引语变为间接引语时，若主句为过去时态，变为间接引语的宾语从句通常要将时态往后推一个，即：一般现在时变为一般过去时，一般将来时变为过去将来时，现在进行时变为过去进行时，现在完成时变为过去完成时，一般过去时变为过去完成时(若直接引语为过去完成时，变为间接引语时，可以不变)，情态动词 can, may 等分别变为 could, might 等。如：“It will rain soon,” he said.→He said that it would rain that night. “She can→He said that it would rain that night. →He said that she could speak French. 注：① 若直接引语为客观真理，则变为间接引语时时态不变。如：The teacher said, “The earth turns around the sun.”→The teacher said that the earth turns around the sun.② 有时直接引语有特定的过去时间状语，变为间接引语时时态可不变。如： He said, “My son was born in 1995.”→He said that his son was born in 1995. (2) 时间状语的变化。直接引语变间接引语时，有些时间状语也要相应的改动：
now 现在 then 那时，当时
today 今天 that day 那天
tonight 今晚 that night 那天晚上
this week (month, year) 本周(本月,今年) that week (month, year) 上周(上个月，去年)
yesterday 昨天 the day before 前一天
the day before yesterday 前天 two days before 前两天
last week (month, year) 上周(上个月,去年) the week (month, year) before 前一周(前一个月，前一年)( two days (years) ago 两天(年)前 two days (years) before 两天前
tomorrow 明天 the next day 第二天
next week (month, year) 下周(下个月,明年) the next week (month, year) 第二个星期(月，年)
He said, “She left yesterday.”→He said that she had left the day before.She said, “I’ll tell you tomorrow.”→She said that she would tell me the next day.He said, “It happened two days ago.”→He said that it had happened two days before. 注：以上变化有时应视情况而定，若在当时转述，now不必改为then；若在当天转述，today, yesterday, tomorrow等不必改为that day, the day before, the next day等；若在当周转述，this week, last week 不必改为that week, the last week；若在当年转述，this year, last year 不必改为that year, the last year等。(3)
代词的变化。在直接引语变为间接引语时，有些代词也要作相应的变化，如指示代词this和these通常变为that和those。有时人称代词也要根据情况作适当调整。如：
“I like these better than she does,” he said to me.→He told me that he liked those better than she did.注：若场所和地点不发生改变，this和that也可不变。(4) 地点状语的变化。主要涉及的地点状语是here，它在间接引语中通常要变为there：：“I live here now,” he said.→He said that he lived there then. 【注】若在当地转述，则here也可不改为there。 (5) 动词的变化。直接引语变为间接引语时，有个别动词也可能需要改变，如 come 直接引语变为间接引语时，有个别动词也可能需要改变，如改为 go，bring 改为 take 等：“He will come here today,” she said. →She said that he would go there that day. 注：若地点和场所未发生改变，come和bring等也可不变。

一、直接引语和间接引语的概念
直接引语和间接引语是叙述人们说话的两种方法。
直接引语指说话人直接引用别人的原话。这样重复的话语要放在引号内，且在原话前加逗号，引号内每个句子的第一个单词的首字母必须大写。例如：
He asked, “Where did you go?” 他问：“你到哪里去了？”
间接引语是指说话人用自己的话把别人的意思转述出来。间接引语在多数情况下是变成宾语从句，即和主句一起构成一个含宾语从句的主从复合句，不用引号。例如：
She said (that) those books were hers. 她说那些书是她的。
二、直接引语转间接引语
直接引语在转换成间接引语时，要注意人称的变化、句子结构的变化、主从句时态的一致、语序的变化、指示代词的变化、时间状语的变化、地点状语的变化以及部分动词的变化等事项。
1、人称的变化
直接引语在转换成间接引语时，人称的变化规则是：一随主，二随宾，三不变。
1) 一随主：即直接引语中的代词是第一人称时，在间接引语中必须和主句的主语相一致。例如：
Tom says, “I’m from America.” 汤姆说：“我来自美国。”
→Tom says (that) he is from America. 汤姆说他来自美国。（I变成了和主语Tom相一致的he）
2) 二随宾：即直接引语中的代词是第二人称时，在间接引语中必须和主句的宾语相一致。例如：
She asked me, “Where do you live?” 她问我：“你住在哪里？”
→She asked me where I live. 她问我我住在哪里。(you变成了和宾语me相一致的I)
3）三不变：即直接引语中的代词是第三人称时，在间接引语中保持不变。例如：
Kate said,” They like reading.” 凯特说：“他们喜欢阅读。”
→Kate said (that) they liked reading. 凯特说他们喜欢阅读。（they保持不变）
【注意】人称的变化包括人称代词、物主代词和反身代词等。
2、句子结构的变化
　 1）直接引语是陈述句时，用连词that引导，that通常可以省略，尤其是在口语中。例如：
He said, “I have been to Beijing.”
→He said (that) he had been to Beijing.
　　【注意】如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列宾语从句，第一个连词that可以省略，以后的连词that一般不省略，以免造成句子结构上的混乱。例如：
Doctor Li said, “You are nothing wrong. You’ll be better soon.”
→Doctor Li said（that）I was nothing wrong and that I would be better soon.
2）直接引语为疑问句时，要注意将注意原主句中的谓语动词say改为ask （sb.）、wonder或want to know等，且间接引语中必须使用陈述句的语序（即宾语从句中的主语之前不能任何动词）。至于说连词的确定，情况如下：
a) 直接引语为一般疑问句、反意疑问句或选择疑问句时，间接引语中用连词if或whether引导。例如：
He said, “Do you have any music CDs?”
→He asked（me）whether/if I had any music CDs.
→He wondered whether/if I had any music CDs.
→He wanted to know whether/if I had any music CDs.
I asked, “Will you take a bus or a train?”
→I asked him whether he would take a bus or a train.
→I wondered whether he would take a bus or a train.
→I wanted to know whether he would take a bus or a train.
　　b）直接引语为特殊疑问句时，就由原来的疑问词来充当间接引语的连词，注意原特殊疑问词的被修饰语必须紧随其后，不可分开。如：
He asked, “How many bowl of rice did you have, Lucy?”
→He asked Lucy how many bowl of rice she had had.
c) 直接引语形式上是疑问句，但表示请求，建议意义时，可ask sb. to do sth.，suggest doing，advise sb. to do sth. 等形式来转述。如：
“Could you open the door, please?” he asked.
→He asked me to open the door.
“Why not going out for a walk?” he asked us.
→He advised us to go out for a walk.
→He suggested going out for a walk.
　　3）直接引语为祈使句时，改为间接引语时，一般用带to的不定式表达，原主句中的谓语动词通常要改为ask, advise, beg, tell, order, offer, request, suggest, warn等。如ask sb. to do（由肯定祈使句变成），ask sb. not to do（由否定祈使句转变），并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。如：
He said，“Jane，be careful, please.”
→He asked Jane to be careful.
“Don’t be late for class again.” He said the boy.
→He told the boy not to be late for class again.
He said, “Let's have a walk.”
→He suggested our having a rest.
He said, “Let me help you.”
→He offered to help me.
　　4）直接引语是感叹句时，转间接引语可用what或how引导，也可用that引导，如：
The policeman said, “How clever you are!”
→The policeman said how clever I was.
→The policeman said I was very clever.
3、主从句时态的一致
1) 如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，直接引语变为间接引语时，从句的动词时态保持不变。例如：
He says, “China is very great.” →He says (that) China is very great.
Mum says, “I’ll be back in a minute.” →Mum says she’ll be back in a minute.
2) 如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，直接引语变为间接引语时，从句的谓语动词通常要改成相应的过去时态。具体情况见下表：
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时
一般过去时 一般过去时/过去完成时
现在进行时 过去进行时
一般将来时 过去将来时
现在完成时 过去完成时
过去完成时 过去完成时
过去进行时 过去进行时
过去将来时 过去将来时

3）直接引语陈述的如果是客观事实、真理、名言、警句、谚语等，在变为间接引语时，时态保持不变。
Our teacher said, “The earth goes around the sun.”
→Our teacher said (that) the earth goes around the sun.
4、指示代词，时间状语，地点状语和动词等的变化
直接引语中的一些指示代词，时间状语，地点状语和部分动词须作如下相应的变化：
直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this这 that那
these这些 those那些

时

间

状

语 now现在 then那时
today 今天 that day 那天
tonight 今晚 that night那天晚上
this week 这星期 that week那个星期
yesterday 昨天 the day before前一天
last week 上星期 the week before前一个星期
ago以前 before 以前
tomorrow明天 the next/following day第二天
next week 下星期 the next week 第二个星期
地点状语 here 这里 there 那里
动 词
come来 go 去
Bring带走，拿走 take 带来，拿来

【注意】直接引语中的时间状语根据实际情况转述为间接引语时，有时不需要改变。
如tomorrow，转述的动作发生在说话的当天，就不用改变；但如果转述的动作不发生在说话的当天，则要将tomorrow变为the next day.
又如here，转述地点就是说话时的地点时，不须变化。
5、标点符号
整个复合句的标点符号必须与主句一致，即主句是陈述句时用句号，主句是问句时用问号。

直接引语改为间接引语