青海节日习俗??
任选一{春节、重阳、端午、七夕、清明、}
推荐回答(1个)
居住在草原上的藏族人民,在欢度一年一度的除夕时,家家户户的庭堂里,都有一个别具一格的庭柱,柱头上绑着抛儿,插满沉甸甸的青稞穗。到除夕晚上,掸净灰土,修饰穗枝,有些人家箍上一道红纸,有些人家装璜彩色纸,穗子闪闪发光。佛龛或供桌上净水盅,摆得很长很长,酥油灯照得满屋明亮。
除夕的黄昏,度过漫长而又坎坷世路的老人们,别有一番心思,他们按照传统的仪式:把炒面粥蘸在指头上,在洁白的墙壁上写出“扎西德勒”几个大字。他们那样地虔诚,每点一点,总要念几遍六安明经咒。在构成每一字的点中,凝聚着他们希望之光,祈祷在新的一年里“吉祥如意”。
在除夕之夜,姑娘们的心是最不平静的。在她们沸腾的心房里,滚动着“卡(kǎ)切”这富有象征意义的字。“卡切”,意为晨星水。晨星水是指除夕过渡到大年初一那一刻,背回来的头一桶水。传说,晨星水是人间最吉祥的水。它可以献神,可以洁身,可以洗涤一切污垢和不祥,给人们带来光明和幸福。夜十二时,容光焕发的姑娘们,按照民族的习俗,在背水“梢儿(大桶)”的沿口贴上三块酥油,再插上三支点燃的香。怀抱由柏香、白香青为原料的桑切,披着繁星,争先恐后地去背晨星水。习俗认为,头一个先到河边点起桑切,并舀上晨星水的姑娘,是最有福气的人。
夜,暮霭沉沉。星,熠熠泛光。接踵而来的姑娘们,打破了河边长夜的寂静。她们的唱歌声、欢笑声、佩环声及嚓、嚓、嚓的脚步声,组成了一曲迎春大合唱。姑娘们把晨星水背到家中,在洁净的盆内先倒入一些,再注入牛奶少许,按先男后女的顺序,全家洗涤。“一水洗百净”。旧的一切,随着晨星水的洁身,一去不复返了。迎来的将是新岁、新事、新的吉祥。
从初一到初三,相互拜年。客来亲往,马嘶铃鸣。每到傍晚,老人们请上讲《格萨尔王传》的艺人,整夜听格萨尔南征北战、降妖伏魔的英雄故事。男女青年则彻夜跳“锅庄”和“依”,看滑稽戏,欢度新春佳节。
年味越来越浓,大街两旁都是叫卖声,空气中有了淡淡的硝烟味,性急的小孩子们隔三差五的燃放着烟花爆竹。一看日历,已经腊月二十二了,离过年越来越近了,明天就是二十三了,也就是民间俗称的小年
。青海民间有“腊月二十三,大发灶家娘娘去上天”的说法,在农村这是一个仅次于春节的重要日子。说它重要是因为家里的一个“大人物”要出去休假几天,而且这个送行的仪式已比较隆重。二十三早上,农村的妇女都早早起床,然后做“灶饼”,灶饼其实就是一种做法比较特殊的千层饼,因为用植物油和面所以特别好吃,其特点就两个字“香、脆”,馋的小时候的我们直流口水,但家里的大人一点也不让我们吃,然后家里的男人会用稻草扎一个马匹形状的草把,把灶饼和草把供奉在家里灶神的位置。灶神就是主管家里烟火的主管,这个官职大概比弼马温这个官职还要小很多,据我个人考证其实是仙班里面位置最低的一个官职,但在家里却是最大的一个官职——俗称一家之主,而且这个芝麻官的背景却不小,他的夫人是玉皇大帝的女儿。二十三的祭灶就是送这位公主回天上坐娘家!因为这位千金能直接将民间最底层的呼声传达到最高统帅玉皇大帝的耳边,所以祭灶这个仪式格外隆重了。其实这个仪式反映了老百姓最朴素愿望,希望自己的呼声能比统治阶级所听到。闲话休提言归正传,傍晚时分祭灶的仪式正式举行,把灶饼、草马供奉在灶台前,“俗话说女不祭灶,男不弯月”,大概女人之间容易沟通的缘故吧,祭灶的这个工作总是由家里辈分最高的女人去完成,而且不许男孩子观看,不过据小时候的我们偷窥仪式不外乎三叩九拜,然后祷告灶家娘娘“上天言好事,下地降吉祥”,将家里好的方面向玉皇大帝汇报,不和谐的地方就央求不要汇报,最主要的是祈求来年家里万事如意。这里的灶饼大概是供灶家娘娘在遥远的路途上使用的盘缠,草马是给坐骑带的草料了!至此祭灶仪式结束,叫我们垂涎三尺的灶饼可以让我们一饱口福了。
灶家娘娘一走就是七天,到了除夕夜,凌晨为了欢迎灶家娘娘休假回来,还要搞一个接神的仪式,与送走相比,接神仪式就要简单的多,不外乎点一挂鞭炮,烧几株高香,离明年再去上天休假还有漫长的一年时间,人们也不怕灶家娘娘打小报告(估计鸡毛蒜皮的小事灶家娘娘也记不住,呵呵),所以也就不怕接神的仪式太简单而得罪了玉皇的千金,看来人有时候很现实的!
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