为什么李广战功显赫却未能封侯?

2025-03-26 21:27:11
推荐回答(2个)
回答1:

飞将军李广,纵横沙场与匈奴大小70余战,却未被封侯,最终自刎而死。《滕王阁序》亦有“冯唐易老,李广难封。”之句。笨笨今献拙文一篇,也侃一侃李广之难封。

中华名将之林,如李广之骁勇者屈指可数。司马光笔下的飞将军更是栩栩如生:
汉景帝初年,随周亚夫平七国之乱,并“取旗”。立下赫赫战功。
匈奴大入上郡之时,中贵人所率之数十骑被匈奴射雕者三人射杀将尽。中贵人走至广处。李广率百骑追击并包围射雕者。并亲自射杀二人,生得一人。欲归时与匈奴数千骑相遇。李广沉着冷静,迷惑敌军,终于化险为夷。
元狩二年,李广将四千骑出右北平与张骞会合。途中被匈奴四万骑包围。李广先命其子与数十骑直贯胡骑而回。以鼓舞士气,稳定军心。并命汉军布圆阵外向御敌,从容应战。匈奴攻势如潮,汉军伤亡惨重,且箭矢将尽之际,李广以大黄弓连续射杀数名敌前指挥官,终于瓦解了敌人的进攻并盼到了张骞的军队。

如此骁勇善战,使匈奴闻之色变的飞将军最后不得善终。笨笨和司马迁一样,对其遭遇深表同情。但可怜之人必有可恨之处。

笨笨先对李广的军事才能做一个比较公允地评价:一方面,李广骁勇异常,再加上其临危不惧、处变不惊,且能与士卒同富贵,共患难,故其率领的军队战斗力极强。另一方面,李广擅长冲锋陷阵,却无力统帅大军。其部常被敌人包围甚至全歼。此其不善用兵所至。
李广之名一定程度上是靠自己的骁勇善战,但更多的是依靠《李将军列传》。作为世界名著的《史记》,最精华之处是其列传部分。而《李将军列传》更是列传中的颠峰之作。此篇传记使一无名之辈(夸张一点的说法)成了家喻户晓的一代名将。

李广任陇西太守之时,羌人发生叛乱,李广诱骗800多人投降后,又杀之。此事颇像白起坑杀40余万赵国降兵。但两者稍有不同。
白起坑杀赵军的确有失道义,但他地顾虑不无道理:赵军是在粮已尽数日,且主将战死的情形下被迫投降的,完全是迫于无奈而无丝毫诚意。40余万降军就像随时会爆炸的定时炸弹。白起坑杀之是为国家利益计。而羌人则是被李广招降的,肯定是诚心地归顺。虽然只有800人,但比白起的“杀已降”性质更为恶劣。由此事可知李广之本性——无仁义、失诚信、奸诈、卑鄙和阴险。

汉军出雁门击匈奴之战中,李广兵败被俘,后又侥幸逃脱。汉法当斩,赎为庶人。赋闲数岁。一次,李广和随从外出打猎,夜归时路过霸陵亭。霸陵尉酒醉,呵斥李广,不让其通行。李广只好夜宿霸陵亭。李广被任命为右北平太守后,便请命使霸陵尉一起戍边,霸陵尉至右北平后遭李广杀害。
最初笨笨认为,李广杀霸陵尉之事就好比有只疯狗对其狂叫了几声,而李广在盛怒之下将这疯狗活活咬死。与韩信相比,李广可谓心胸狭窄,气量全无。但后来又得知,汉法禁止提刀夜行。霸陵尉让李广在其管辖地留宿完全是履行公务。霸陵尉虽然醉酒,但依然知道自己的职责并依法办事。而李广却公报私仇,滥用职权,报复并杀害了秉公执法的霸陵尉。
由此事又可知李广心胸狭窄,目无法纪,滥用职权,对秉公执法的国家干部打击报复,草菅人命。

综上所述,李广难封的原因甚多,如封建统治者得残酷无情、李广不善用兵等等。但最根本的原因是其心胸狭窄、奸诈卑鄙、目无法纪所至。李广若真被封侯,不知会有多少秉公执法的国家干部被他打击报复致死。
吴起杀妻求将,终被乱箭射死。白起杀已降,最后不得善终……如此种种,一言蔽之,多行不义必自毙也。李广之恶比吴起、白起更甚。天理尚存,其必遭天谴,焉得封侯。

附:司马迁虽对李广地遭遇鸣不平,还用“桃李不言,下自成蹊。”来称赞他。但对其依然善恶并书。将李广杀已降和杀霸陵尉之事真实地记录于史书之中。司马迁不以个人情感篡改历史,最大限度地做到了实事求是,客观公正。这进一步证明了《史记》是可信度最高的史书,无愧于“实录”、“良史”之名。

回答2:

吴楚七国之乱时,李广任骁骑都尉跟随太尉周亚夫抗击吴楚叛军。因夺取叛军帅旗由此在昌邑城下立功显名。虽有功,但由于李广接受了梁王私自授给他的将军印,回朝后,没得到封赏。

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