虚拟语气的用法

2025-02-24 18:09:36
推荐回答(5个)
回答1:

虚拟语气

有些条件句是可能实现的,称为真实条件句. 虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式,用来表达说话人的意愿.请求,设想,等未能或不可能实现的事实,或说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况.做这类题时首先要弄清楚虚拟语气的各种句型,即由if引导的虚拟条件句,省略if的倒装形式,可跟虚拟语气的宾语从句,同位语从句,表语从句的句型,以及表示祝愿或感叹的句子和由without, but for等介词引导的短语或句子.

四级对虚拟语气的测试主要涉及以下方面:

1). 主语从句,同位语从句中虚拟语气的用法.

2). 宾语从句中虚拟语气的用法,尤其是wish 虚拟语气结构的用法.

3). If条件句中虚拟语气的用法,应特别注意省略if的倒装结构是考试的重点.

4). would rather 等结构中虚拟语气的用法.

5). if only结构中虚拟语气的用法.

6). But, or, otherwise 等含蓄条件句的用法.

7). It’s time (that) 等结构中虚拟语气的用法.

1. 虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的运用

(1)虚拟语气现在时. 用以表示与现在事实相反的假设或现在实现可能性不大的情况.

条件从句
主句

动词过去式(be多用were)
Would/should/could/might + 动词原形

Eg. If I were a bird, I would fly to you.

If it were not for their help, we should be in a very difficult position.

(2) 虚拟语气过去式. 表示与过去事实完全相反的假设.

条件从句
主句

had + 过去分词
would/should/could/might + have +过去分词

Eg. If we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train.

If she hadn’t been ill, she might have come.

(3)虚拟语气将来式. 表与将来情形相反的假设或极少有可能实现的情况.

条件从句
主句

动词过去式或should +动词原形或were to +动词原形
would/should/could/might +动词原形

Eg. If Professor Li should have time tomorrow, we could ask him some questions.

If there should be no air, there would be no living things.

◆ 书面语中,上述(1),(2),(3)三种时态的虚拟句中,如果从句里含有should, had, were或其他助动词,则可将从属连词if省去,将助动词.情态动词.be或have放在句首形成部分倒装.

Eg. Were he in your position, he’d have done the same.

Had I had time, I would have done that yesterday.

Should he come tomorrow, I should give him the dictionary.

(1) 错综时间虚拟句

通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的, 但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式. P 116, 2

Eg. If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在, 主句指过去)

If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (从句指过去,主句指现在).

(2) 含蓄条件句

有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来,二是暗含在上下文中,比如通过介词短语来表示.

Eg. But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully.

The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy.

I was so busy then, Otherwise, I would have told him the answer.

(3) 虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用.

A) 在wish, suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, recommend, require, decide, insist, desire, urge等动词的宾语从句以及would rather /sooner 后要用 “ (should) +动词原形” 来表示愿望,建议, 命令,要求等; 由上述动词派生或转化的名词suggestion, proposal, plan, motion, recommendation, demand, order, desire, request, requirement, insistence, advice, decision , obligatory 义不容辞的, 必须的 等的同位语从句或表语从句中也要用相应的虚拟形式.

Eg.

B) 在It is/was + 某些形容词 + that 从句的句型中,that从句中的谓语动词常用虚拟语气,即 “should + 动词原形”

这些形容词有:

important, necessary, essential, imperative, natural, strange, advisable, desirable, possible, probable, astonishing, surprising, desired, suggested, requested, recommended, ordered, proposed, decided, moved等.

“ should + 动词原形(或完成形式)” 可表示惊奇,遗憾,怀疑,不满等.

ⅰ. 用于expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中.

Eg. I never expected that the new apartment should be so small.

ⅱ. 用于 “It is a pity, it is a shame, it is no wonder 等 + that” 等结构后的主语从句中.

Eg. It is a pity that he should be so careless.

C) 在由for fear that, in case, lest 等引导的状语从句中,用 “ should + 动词原形” 表示 “惟恐”的意思.

Eg. He handled the instrument with care for fear that it should be damaged.

D) 在 “ It is (about/ high ) time + that (从句)” 中,谓语动词常用过去式表表示虚拟语气.

Eg. It is high time that people learnt English.

E) 在 “as if/ as though” 引导的状语从句中,谓语动词与wish的宾语从句的虚拟形式相同.

Eg. He works with such enthusiasm as if he never knew fatigue.

He speaks English as though he were an American.

F) 在 look, seem等动词后的 “as if / as though”从句中,当表示真实情况时,用陈述语气; 否则,用虚拟语气.

Eg. It seems as if they know each other. (真实情况)

It seems as though it were already spring. (虚拟语气)

G) 用在if only 引起的感叹句中.

Eg. If only the driver didn’t drive so fast!

你可以看看这个:http://www.lesun.org/english/html/2005-02/334.htm
http://news.zbedu.net/yingyu/user1/115/archives/2005/756.html
http://www.chinaedu.com/101resource004/wenjianku/200450/101ktb/ynjd/yncelu0e/yncelu0e.htm

回答2:

虚拟条件句的三种基本类型:与现在事实相反、与过去事实相反、与将来事实相反。 条件句有真实条件句和非真实(虚拟)条件句两种。真实条件句所表示的假设是有可能发生的,而非真实条件句则通常表示一种假想,与事实相反或不大可能会发生: If I have time, I will go with them. 假若我有时间,我就同他们去。(陈述语气) If I were you, I would go with them. 假若我是你,我就同他们去。(虚拟语气) ▲ 与现在事实相反 若与现在事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were),主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”: If I knew her number ,I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的电话号码,我就可以给她打电话了。(可惜我不知道) ▲与过去事实相反 若与过去事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词),主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词”: If I’d left sooner,I’d have been on time. 要是我早点动身,我就准时到了。(但我动身太迟了) ▲与将来事实相反 若与将来事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were),主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”: If I asked him,I’m sure he’d help us. 如果我向他提出要求,肯定他会帮助我们。(不过我不打算这样做) 注:几点特别说明 ① 主句谓语中的should主要用于第一人称后。would, might, could的大致区别是:would表示结果,might表示可能性,could表示能力、允许或可能性。比较: If you tried again ,you would succeed. 要是你再试一试,你就会成功的。(would表结果) If you tried again, you might succeed. 要是你再试一试,你可能会成功的。(might表可能) If you tried again ,you could succeed. 要是你再试一试,你就能成功了。(could表能力) ④ 对于与将来事实相反的情形,请注意以下几点:一是这里说的与将来事实相反,实为对将来情况的推测;二是此用法中的条件从句谓语除用过去式外,有时也用“should+动词原形”(表示可能性极小,常译为“万一”)或“were to+动词原形”(表示与将来事实相反的假设);三是当条件从句使用“should+动词原形”这样的谓语时,主句谓语除可用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气外,也可用直陈语气或祈使语气: If it should rain tomorrow, don’t expect me. 万一明天下雨,就不要等我了。(祈使语气) If I should see him, I’ll tell him. 万一我见到他,我就告诉他。(直陈语气) 2、错综时间虚拟条件句 所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致,如从句指过去,而主句即指的是现在或将来,此时应根据具体的语境情况,结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调整: If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now. 要是昨晚下过雨的话,现在地面就会是湿的。 You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假若你当时听我的话,你现在就会好多了。 3、两个常考虚拟语气句型 ▲ 句型介绍 这两个句型是If it weren’t for…和If it hadn’t been for…,这是两个很常用的虚拟语气句型,也经常受到命题人的青睐,其意为“若不是(有)”“要不是有”。如: If it weren’t for water, no plant could grow. 要是没有水植物就无法生长。 If it hadn’t been for your assistance ,we wouldn’t have succeeded. =But for your assistance ,we wouldn’t have succeeded. =Without your assistance ,we wouldn’t have succeeded. 5、wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气 ▲ 用法说明 动词wish后接宾语从句时,从句谓语要用虚拟语气。若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望,从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时;若表示与过去相反的愿望,从句谓语用过去完成时或would / could+have +过去分词;若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望,用would (could)+动词原形。如: 注:特别注意 从句的时态只与从句所指的时间有关,而与wish的时态无关,比较: I wish I were rich. 要是我现在有钱就好了。 I wish I had been rich. 要是那时我有钱就好了。 I wished I were rich. 当时我后悔自己没有钱。 I wished I had been rich. 当时我后悔自己曾经没有钱。 6、if only后的句子用虚拟语气 if only 与 I wish一样,也用于表示与事实相反的愿望,其后所虚拟语气的时态与 wish后所接时态的情况相同: If only she had had more courage! 她再勇敢一些就好了。 If only I had listened to my parents! 我要是当时听了父母的话就好了。 If only she would go with me! 她要是愿意和我一道去就好了! 注:if only 通常独立使用,没有主句。 7、as if (though) 从句用虚拟语气 ▲ 基本用法 以as if (as though)引导的方式状语从句或表语从句,有时用虚拟语气,若表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时;若表示与过去事实相反,用过去完成时;表示将来的可能性不大,用would (might, could)+动词原形: He acts as if he knew me. 他显得认识我似的。 They treat me as though I were a stranger. 他们待我如陌生人。 He talks as if he had been abroad. 他说起话来好像曾经出过国。 注:两点说明 (1) 从句所表示的内容若为事实或可能为事实,也可用陈述语气: It looks as if we’ll be late. 我们似乎要迟到了。 (2) 注意 It isn’t as if…的翻译: It isn’t as if he were poor. 他不像穷的样子(或他又不穷)。 8、It’s time后的从句用虚拟语气 ▲ 基本用法 从句谓语通常用过去式表示现在或将来,有时也用过去进行时或“should+动词原形”(较少见,且should不能省略),其意为“(早)该干某事了”: It’s time we went [were going, should go]. 我们该走了。 It’s time I was in bed. 我该上床睡了。(不用were) 9、would rather后句子用虚拟语气 在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon 后的that从句中, 句子谓语习惯上要用虚拟语气, 表示”宁愿做什么” ,具体用法为: ▲ 一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望 I’d rather you went tomorrow (now). 我宁愿你明天(现在)去。 ▲ 用过去完成时表过去的愿望 I’d rather you hadn’t said it. 我真希望你没有这样说过。 10、宾语从句用虚拟语气的10种类型 ▲ I wish后的宾语从句 动词wish后接宾语从句时,从句谓语要用虚拟语气。若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望,从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时;若表示与过去相反的愿望,从句谓语用过去完成时或would / could+have +过去分词;若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望,用would (could)+动词原形。如: I wish I could be of some use. 我希望我能有什么用处。 We wish he didn’t smoke. 我们希望他不吸烟。 I wish prices would come down. 我希望物价能降下来。 ▲ 表示“坚持”后的宾语从句 主要是指insist的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如: I insisted that he (should) stay. 我坚持要他留下。 注:动词insist后接宾语从句时,除可用虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气,两者的区别是:若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生,或尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气;若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生,或已经成为事实,则要用陈述语气。比较: He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。 He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。 ▲ 表示“命令”后的宾语从句 主要是指order, command的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如: He ordered that it (should) be sent back. 他命令把它送回去。 ▲ 表示“建议”后的宾语从句 主要是指advise, suggest, propose, recommend等的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如: He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。 注:与动词insist相似,动词suggest后接宾语从句时,除可用虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气,两者的区别也是:若谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气,此时suggest通常译为“建议”;若谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实,则要用陈述语气,此时的suggest通常译为“表明”、“认为”。比较并体会: He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner. 他建议我们留下吃饭。 I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him. 我觉得你与他心照不宣。 ▲ 表示“要求”后的宾语从句 主要是指ask, demand, require, request等后的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如: I ask that he leave. 我要求他走开。 He requires that I (should) appear. 他要求我出场。 ▲ 表示“提议”“投票”后的宾语从句 主要是指move, vote等后的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如: I move that we accept the proposal. 我提议通过这项提案。 ▲ 表示“敦促”后的宾语从句 主要是指动词urge后的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如: He urged that they go to Europe. 他敦促他们到欧洲去。 ▲ 表示“安排”后的宾语从句 主要是指动词arrange后的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如: He arranged that I should go abroad. 他安排我去国外。 ▲ 表示“希望”“打算”后的宾语从句 主要是指动词desire, intend后的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如: She desires that he do it. 她希望他做此事。 ▲ 表示“指示”后的宾语从句 主要是指动词direct后的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如: The general directed that the prisoners should be set free. 将军指示释放那些俘虏。 11、主语从句中的虚拟语气 在It is necessary,important,strange,natural, advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(绝对必要), impossible, improper, obligatory, possible, preferable, probable, recommended, urgent, vital etc. ;it is a pity;It is requested/suggested/desired/proposed等结构后的主语从句中要用虚拟语气,即Should+动词原形或只用动词原形。如: ▲ It’s important…类 这一类型主要包括It is (was) important (necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable)that. . .句型。如: It is impossible that he should go home. 他不可能会回家去。 ▲ It’s a pity…类 It is a pity that she should fare so badly. 她竟吃得这么差,真可怜。 ▲ It’s desired…类 这种主语从句还常用在It is (was) desired (suggested, settled, proposed, requested, decided, etc. ) that...句型。如: It is requested that a vote be taken. 建议付诸表决。 12、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气 在advice, agreement, command, decision, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation ,suggestion, idea,plan,order等名词后的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气,即should+动词原形或只用动词原形。如: Our suggestion is that you( should)be the first to go. 我们的建议是你应该第一个去。 13、 在 lest ,for fear that( 以免) , in case (以防)引导的目的状语从句中的虚拟语气 在 lest ,for fear that( 以免) , in case (以防)从句中用should+动词原形, should 可以省略. She walked quietly lest she (should) wake up her roommates. 她走得很轻以免吵醒她的室友

回答3:

与现实相反的;主语+WISH+过去式宾语从句
与过去情况相反:主语+WISH+过去完成式的宾语从句
与将来情况可能相反:主语+WISH+动词原形的宾语从句

回答4:

建议买本语法的参考书

回答5: