划分本证与反证的标准 通说是什么?
请大家帮忙,尽快解答哦。。我想知道的是通说哦。。。
推荐回答(3个)
本证与反证的分类根据是证据与证明责任承担者的关系。所谓本证,是指在民事诉讼中负有证明责任的一方当事人提出的用于证明自己所主张事实的证据。所谓反证,是指没有证明责任的一方当事人提出的为证明对方主张事实不真实的证据。本证和反证与当事人在诉讼中是原告还是被告没有关系,而与证据是否由承担证明责任的人提出有直接关系。我们可以通过一个具体的诉讼来加以说明。在原告诉被告要求返还借款的诉讼中,原告应当对存在借款关系负证明责任,因此如果原告提出能够证明该借款关系成立的证据如借据,则该证据就是本证。而如果被告提出试图证明该借款关系不能成立的证据,则该证据是反证。如果被告主张已经还款,对方的权利已经消灭,则被告对这一事实的主张应当负有证明责任,而被告为证明这一主张所提出的证据依然属于本证,而原告提出的否认该事实主张的证据又是反证。
本证的作用在于使法院对待证事实的存在与否予以确信,并加以认定,而反证的作用则是使法院对本证证明的事实的确信发生动摇,以致不能加以认定。基于本证和反证的称谓也表明了两者之间的冲突关系和作用。区别本证与反证的实际效果主要在于两者的证明标准有所不同,以便明确证明责任的归属。例如,本证与反证均没有能够达到证明的效果时,即待证事实处于真伪不明的场合,仍然由提出本证的当事人承担不能证明的相应后果,并不要求反证一定要达到能够使法院确信的程度,只要能够动摇法官对待证事实的确信即可。
反证不是对对方证据的反驳性证据,人们有时容易将反证误认为是反驳性证据。反驳性证据是一方当事人提出的针对对方所提证据,以证明该证据不具有合法性、真实性和关联的证据,是对证据反驳的依据。反证的目的是为了证明对方当事人主张的事实不真实。
本证与反证的划分依据是证据与证明责任的关系。本证是对待证事实负有证明责任一方当事人提出的,用于证明待证事实的证据。而反证则是指对待证事实不负证明责任的一方当事人,为证明该事实不存在或不真实而提供的证据。
法官在运用证据对争议事实的真伪作出判断时,须衡量本证与反证的证明力,若本证的证明力为反证所推翻或削弱,使事实的真伪处于不明状态,法官就应作出对负有举证责任一方不利的裁判。
在理解反证时要注意其与反驳的区别,证据反驳是一方当事人针对对方所提出的证据,指出该证据不真实、不合法或与待证事实不具有关联性,不能作为认定事实的依据,当事人在对证据进行反驳时,既未主张新的事实亦未提出新的证据,而反证则是当事人为了推翻另一方当事人所主张的事实,而提出了相反的证据。
通说就是一个是主张证据,一个是对抗主张的证据....
本证与反证,是按照主张某种事实存在或否认对方主张事实的存在来划分的。 本证是指当事人一方主张某种事实,提出能证明该事实存在的证据。与之相对应的是反证。对方当事人为否定或推翻主张事实的一方当事人所提出的证据,而提出相反的事实证据,以证明事实的不存在,谓之反证。
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