英语中的降调与升调是怎么区分的

英语有五种基本腔调：升调，降调，升降调，降升调，平调。同样的句子，语调不同，意义不同。

升调：常用来表示不肯定，语意未完，或表示含蓄、委婉、安慰、虚心征求意见等。

降调：英语中，降调的使用更为广泛，它表示肯定、决断、坚决或终结，但有时含有生硬、不容置疑的意味。

英语中语调变化规律

英语会话中，语调来自于音调的变化，以降调和升调为两种基本语调。降调一般用于陈述，命令，表达“完整”，“肯定”的含义；升调用于提问等，表达“不肯定”，“委婉”的含义。

即：降调给人一种完结的印象。能使用降调的句子有：陈述句，特殊疑问句，带命令口吻的祈使句，感叹句等。一般疑问句用升调，特殊疑问句用降调，反义疑问句的疑问部分表示一种不肯定。

什么是升调？
重中之重是：到底啥叫升调？
升调的意思是我们的音调从句子的最后一个实词（content word）的重读音节上升，并一路攀升。
但这样取决于你的语气和你试图用语调表达的情感或态度，升调可能在句子中早一点出现，然后一直攀升到最后。
这种语调表明我们需要和我们正在打交道的人澄清或确认一些事。
Why We Use Rising Intonation in American English
Why do we use rising intonation?
We use rising intonation on yes/no questions. (Yes/no questions are questions we can answer with a simple yes or no.)
We use rising intonation on a statement in order to signal that we’re asking the statement as a question.
We use rising intonation when we’d like to check or confirm something.
We use rising intonation to signal uncertainty or doubt.
When we use rising intonation mid-sentence, it signals to the other person that we haven’t completed our thought or idea, and suggests that they shouldn’t interrupt us. They should give us a moment to finish what we’re saying.
In American culture, we often use rising intonation to sound more friendly or approachable.
为什么我们在美式英语中使用升调？
为什么我们使用升调？
我们在Yes/No问题上使用升调。 （这些问题是我们可以用简单的是或否回答的问题。）
我们在一个陈述句中使用升调，表示我们将该陈述句作为一个问题。
当我们想要核实或确认某些内容时，我们会使用升调。
我们使用升调来表示不确定性或怀疑。
当我们在句子中使用升调时，它向另一个人发出信号，表明我们还没有说完我们的想法或者主意，并建议他们不要打扰我们。 他们应该给我们一点时间来完成我们所说的话。
在美国文化中，我们经常使用上升的语调来使自己听起来更友好或更平易近人。

Standard patterns
Rising intonation is used in general questions, in introductory phrases (at the beginning of the sentence), in the first part of alternative questions (before "or"), in the second part of tag questions (see explanation below), in direct address, and in enumerating items in a list.
标准的升调模式
升调用于一般疑问句，介绍性短语（句子开头），选择性疑问句的第一部分（“或”之前），反义疑问句的第二部分（见下面的解释），直接称呼，以及枚举列表中的项目。
General questions
一般疑问句
Do you go there /OFten?
Was she glad to /SEE him?
Have you read this /BOOK?
Are you ready to /START?
Would you please pass the /PEPper?

Introductory phrases
介绍性短语
If he /CALLS, ask him to \COME.
When I was walking in the /PARK, I saw a couple of interesting \BIRDS.
According to his /WORDS, he met that girl at the \TENnis club.
All of a /SUDden, the girl started to \CRY.
Alternative questions
选择性疑问句
Would you like an /APple or a \PEAR?
Does he speak /ENGlish or \GERman?
Did you go to the /CINema or to the \THEater yesterday?

Direct address
直接称呼
/TOM, could you /HELP me, please?
/SIR, you dropped your \NOTEbook.
Mr. /SMITH, your papers are \READy.

If direct address is at the end of the sentence, it may be pronounced with a rise or just with a stress on it.
如果直接称呼出现在句子的末尾，那么可能读成升调或者重读。
Good \MORNing, /JANE.
Good \MORNing, Jane.
Good-\BYE, /Tom.
Enumerating
枚举
/One, /two, /three, /four, \five.
She bought /bread, /cheese, and to\MAtoes.

Tag questions
反义疑问句
The choice of a rise or a fall in the second part of tag questions depends on whether the speaker is sure of getting an affirmative answer.
It's a beautiful \TOWN, /ISN'T it? (The speaker thinks that the town is beautiful but asks for your opinion and confirmation.)
It's a beautiful \TOWN, \ISN'T it? (The speaker is sure that the town is beautiful and expects you to agree.)
You don't speak \FRENCH, /DO you? (The speaker thinks that you don't speak French but is not completely sure and asks for confirmation.)
You don't speak \FRENCH, \DO you? (The speaker is sure that you don't speak French and expects you to agree.)
Note that the falling tone is generally used in the first part of tag questions (disjunctive questions). Despite the fact that tag questions are asked to get confirmation and agreement, the answer may be affirmative or negative. (Read more about different types of questions, including tag questions, in Word Order in Questions in the section Grammar.)
反义疑问句的第二部分用升调还是降调取决于发言者是否对所说的内容确定。如果升调，那么发言者并不确定，需要得到对方的回复。如果用降调，则说明发言者对所说的话很确定，那个反义疑问句只是为了想要得到你的积极响应而已。
这是一个美丽的\ 小镇，/不是吗？ （发言者认为这个小镇很漂亮，但要求你的意见和确认。）
这是一个美丽的\ 小镇，\不是吗？ （发言者已经很肯定这个小镇很漂亮了，只是希望你也同意而已。）
你不会说\法语，/是么？ （发言者认为你不会讲法语，但不完全确定，并要求确认。）
你不会说\法语，\是么？ （发言者确信你不会说法语，并期待得到积极肯定的回应。）
请注意，降调通常用于反义疑问句的第一部分。 尽管反义疑问句想要得到确认和同意，但答案可能是肯定的或否定的。
关于降升调
Fall-rise may be used instead of the normal rising tone in unfinished parts of sentences, for example, in introductory phrases or subordinate clauses at the beginning of the sentence. Fall-rise signals non-finality and continuation of the utterance and emphasizes the word on which it is used. The voice first falls down and then goes up within one word.
当句子未完成部分中通常会采用降升调，例如，在句子开头的介绍性短语或各种从句中。 降升调表示未完成和话语的延续，并且也可以用来强调某一个词。降升调的表现形式是这样的， 在同一个单词之内，音调首先下降然后再上升。
If we don't act very \ /FAST, we may lose \EVErything.
The article said that Dr. Alan \ /SMITH was the only person who saw the \KILLer.
关于high rise高升调（暂且这样翻译，有内行请指教）
High rise may be used for expressing strong surprise or disbelief in questions, for example, in surprised echo questions. High rise starts higher and ends higher than the normal rising tone. High rise is very expressive and emphatic. Language learners should use it with caution and not too often.
高升调可用于表达强烈的惊讶或强烈的质疑。例如，在表示惊讶的反问句中。 高升调一开始就比正常的音调要高。 高升调非常富有表现力和强调力。 语言学习者应谨慎使用这种升调，而不是经常使用。
(1) I'm extremely sorry, but I probably lost the book you gave me.
/WHAT?You lost my/BOOK?(Meaning: I can't believe it.)
(2) Where's my purse? You were here.
Ex/CUSEme? (Meaning: I can't believe you said it and ask you to repeat it.)

关于降调
Are you done talking? Have you finished your thought? Can I answer your question now? If so, please let me know – with your voice.

You’re probably really careful with your choice of words, but your intentions might be misunderstood if you use the wrong intonation pattern.
Here’s why you need to confidently choose to speak with rising or falling intonation:
If your pitch rises when it should fall, you may sound uncertain or insecure, or the person you’re speaking with may think you doubt them.
If your voice drops when it should rise, you may sound annoyed instead of curious. Or the other person may not be sure if you’re asking them a question, or telling them what you think.
Native speakers often turn statements into questions by changing their pitch at the end of the sentence.
If your tone always rises at the end because of how you use pitch in your native language, part of your meaning may be getting lost in translation.
If you think that someone has misunderstood you, it may not actually be your language; it may be your tone of voice.
你说完了吗？你把你想说的话说完了么？我现在可以回答你的问题吗？如果是这样的话，请用你的声音告诉我。
您在说话中可能对词语的选择非常谨慎，但如果使用错误的语调模式，您的意思就可能会被误解。
这就是你需要自信地使用升调或者降调的原因：
如果你的音调在应该下降时上升，你可能让人听起来不确定或不安全，或者与你交谈的人可能认为你在质疑他们。
如果你的声音在应该上升时下降，那么你可能听起来就不像是好奇，而是很恼火，因为在好奇的时候人们会提出疑问，会使用升调。或者对方可能不确定你是在问他们问题，还是告诉他们你的想法。当你在语调该上升的时候却下降，则表达了某种确定的含义，所以别人不知道你是在问一个问题，还是在说一个观点或者事实。
对于母语人士而言，如果他们在说一个陈述句的时候在句子末尾的音调上扬，那么这个陈述句就变成了一个疑问。
如果你的音调总是因为受到母语影响而总是使用升调，你要表达的意思的一部分就会在翻译当中而丢失。
如果你认为有人误解了你，那实际上可能不是因为你的语言本身；而可能是因为你的声调。
Why You Need to Signal You’re Done Talking with Falling Intonation
The number one reason why non-native English speakers need to master falling intonation is not because it’s the most common intonation pattern in American English, although it is.
As far as I’m concerned, falling intonation is so essential because it lets the other person know that you’ve completed a thought.
Falling intonation invites us to respond.
Without thinking about it, native speakers are listening for a clear signal that you’re ready for us to take over the conversation.
If we don’t hear this clear fall at the end of your statement or information question, we might not know that it’s okay for us to speak up.
Of course, there will always be people who interrupt or jump in when you’re not quite finished, but polite people will wait for a clear cue that it’s okay for them to start speaking.
People who work with international students and non-native English speaking professionals often comment that they’re not sure when the other person has finished speaking.
I encourage you to think about whether your voice falls at the end of your statements: is it easy for a native speaker to hear that you’re done talking?
If not, the other person may not be sure if you’re asking them a question or telling them what you think.
And yes, this is also a problem with native speakers who tend to end their sentences with uptalk, or rising tone at the end of their statements.
People will ask, “Are you asking me, or are you telling me?”
If you are asking a yes or no question, that’s when you want to make sure you use a rising tone at the end of the question.
Choosing the right intonation helps your listener interpret what you’re saying.
为什么你要使用降调来告诉别人你已经说完了？
非英语母语人士需要掌握降调的首要原因并不是因为它是美国英语中最常见的语调模式，尽管事实上它确实是。
对于我而言，落入语调是如此重要，因为它让对方知道你已经表达完你的意思了。
降调实际上是在邀请对方做出回应。
在母语人士看来，只要听到降调，根本就不需要过多考虑，就能够知道听话的人可以准备讲话了，说话的人已经讲完了。
如果在你说话结束时没有明显的降调，那么对方就不知道是否可以讲话了。
当然，当你还没有完成时，总会有人打断或插话，但有礼貌的人会等待一个明确的信号，再开始讲话。
曾经与国际学生和非英语母语人士合作的人们（这里指美国人或者英语母语人士）经常会有这样的评论，他们不确定对方什么时候说完话。
如果一句话结束没有用降调，另一个人可能不确定你是在向他们提问还是在告诉他们你的想法。
其实这对于某些英语母语人士来说也是一个问题，他们倾向于用升调结束句子。
于是人们会问，“你在问我，还是在告诉我？”
语调模式的转变
Change of standard patterns of rising or falling intonation also has meaning. Falling intonation generally expresses completion, finality, and confidence, while rising intonation usually expresses non-finality, incompleteness, surprise, doubt, interest.
Rising intonation often implies a request to repeat or readiness to continue conversation. The examples below show how the meaning may change when the same sentence is pronounced with falling intonation and with rising intonation.
升调和降调的标准模式的变化也具有意义。 降调通常表达话已说完，最终结果和带有自信，而升调通常表达还没说完话，并非最终的结论，表示惊讶，怀疑以及有兴趣。
升调通常意味着希望对方再重复一遍，或还要准备往下说（因为话说到这里并未完成）。 下面的例子显示了当同一个句子在使用降调或者升调的时候，含义可能会如何变化。
Melissa wants to quit her \JOB. (提供信息，表示很确定梅丽莎要辞职。)
Melissa wants to quit her /JOB? (惊讶的反问句，表示难道梅丽莎要辞职？)
Where are you \FROM? (当需要询问某个信息的时候，使用标准的降调模式，表示问你从哪里来。)
Where are you /FROM? (使用升调，听起来更感兴趣，有礼貌，表示上文你已经说了你从哪里来，但是听话的人对你从哪里来表现出浓厚兴趣，从而进行礼貌的提问。)
Ex/CUSE me? (使用升调则表示要求你再重复一遍)
Ex\CUSE me. (道歉或者引起注意)
Have you washed the /DISHes? (标准升调模式，表示询问某个信息)
Have you washed the \DISHes? (使用降调则表示希望得到肯定回答。)
Sit \DOWN. (使用降调，表示命令，要求)
Sit \DOWN, /PLEASE. (使用升调，表示更有礼貌，好像是一种请求)
Can I speak to the /MANager, please? (标准的升调模式，表示询问某种信息。)
Can I speak to the \MANager, please? (使用降调模式，表示某种命令，希望得到肯定的回答。)

降调的意义：降调表示特别强调、肯定、确定、断定、终结、终局、决定、命令、完成等.
升调的意义：升调表示有待继续、不确定、疑问、怀疑、没有完结、犹豫不决、客气的请求、柔和的建议等.
降调的用法：降调都在有句子重音的词上，如果是单音节词，就在单音节词上下降;如果是多音节词，就在重读音节上下降，重读音节之后的非重读音节音高低平。
降调的应用场景：
1.原则上可以用在句中任何 一个说话者特别强调的词上，如果不在意群或句子末尾，这个被强调的词后常有或长或短的停顿。
2.用在陈述句、特殊疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、选择问句的末尾。
3.用在反意问句的前一部分以及说话者特别肯定时的附加问句的末尾。
升调的用法：升调都从有句子重音的词开始，一般有三种情况，如果升调所在的词是单音节词，升调就在这个音节上升;如果升调所在的词是多音节词，升调就在这个词的重读音节开始上升，只是重读音节的音高相应较低，重读音节之后的非重读音节的音高依次递升;如果升调所在的词之后还有不具备句子重音的词，升调也从有句子重音的词开始，而且其音高较低，其后的不具备句子重音的词音高依次递升。

陈述句和特殊疑问句是降调
一般疑问句和表示惊讶的句子是升调