机械制造业职业病危害危害因素有哪些?又该该如何防治?

2025-03-14 05:19:24
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

(1) 生产性粉尘。主要粉尘作业是铸造。在型砂配制、制型、落砂、清砂等过程中,都可使粉尘飞扬,特别是用喷砂工艺修整铸件时,粉尘浓度很高,所用的石英危害较大。在机械加工过程中,对金属零件的磨光与抛光可产生金属和矿物性粉尘,可引起磨工尘肺。电焊时焊药、焊条芯及被焊接的材料,在高温下蒸发产生大量的电焊粉尘和有害气体,长期吸入较高浓度的电焊粉尘可引起电焊工尘肺。
(2) 高温、热辐射。机械制造厂的高温和热辐射主要在铸造、锻造和热处理工种。铸造车间的熔炉、干燥炉、熔化的金属、热铸件、锻造及热处理车间的加热炉和炽热的金属部件都产生强烈的热辐射,形成高温环境,严重时会引发中暑。
(3) 有害气体。熔炼炉和加热炉均可产生一氧化碳和二氧化碳,加料口处的浓度往往很高;用酚醛树脂等作黏合剂时产生甲醛和氨;黄铜灿炼时产生氧化锌烟,引起“铸造热”;热处理时可产生有机溶剂蒸气,如苯、甲苯、甲醇等;电镀时可产生铬酸雾、镍酸雾、硫酸雾及氰化氢;电焊时可产生一氧化碳和氮氧化物;喷漆时可产生苯、甲苯及二甲苯蒸气。
(4) 噪声、振动和紫外线。机械制造过程中,使用砂型捣固机、风动工具、锻锤、砂轮磨光、铆钉等,均可产生强烈的噪声;电焊、气焊、亚弧焊及等离子焊接产生的紫外线,如防护不当均可引起电光性眼炎。
(5) 重体力劳动和外伤、烫伤。在机械化程度较差的企业,浇铸、落砂、手工锻造等都是较繁重的体力劳动,即使使用气锤或水压机,由于需要变换工件的位置和方向,体力劳动强度也很大;同时,要在高温下作业,故易引起体温调节和心血管系统功能的改变。铸造和锻造作业的外伤及烫伤率较高,多是由于铁水、钢水、铁屑、铁疮飞溅所致;机加工车间发生眼、手指外伤的较多。另外,金属切削过程中使用的冷却液对工人的皮肤也有一定的危害。

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