求万用表测电阻的原理图 比例法的图

2025-03-21 10:01:31
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回答1:

当前只有少数几种数字万且表,如DT860B和DT960T型数字万用表,增设有低功率测电阻挡(其符号为“LOΩ”或“LOWOHM”),因而适用于测量在线电阻,而很多数字万用表,如DT830系列和DT890系列等数字万用表,都没有这种测试功能。本文介绍一种加载降压测量法,能使没有在线电阻测量功能的数字万用表也能应急测量在线电阻。用这种方式测量在线电阻时,不必更改数字万用表的内部线路和元器件,所以在一定的实用价值。下面以DT830A型数字万用表为便介绍加载降压测量法的原理及其注意事贡。基本测量原理

在陈述加载降压测量法之前,要先介绍比例法测量电阻的原理。比例法测量电阻原理图如图1所示。图中线框内部分为万用表内部电路。从图中可看出,将被测电阻Rx接在万用表两端,相当于将Rx与基准电阻Ro串联后接在集成块TSC7106的V+引脚与COM引脚之间。将万用表拨到电阻挡后,TSC7106的基准电源Eo向Ro和Rx提供测试电流I,Ro上的压降VRo提供测试电压VRX,并作为集成块TSC7106的基准电压VREF,而VRX又是输入电压VIN。输入电压VIN与基准电压的关系式为:VIN/VRO=VRX/VRO=RX/RO,由该式求得RX=RO/VRO.VRX,VRX=RX/RO.VRO。这就是比例法测量电阻的基本原理。由VRX=RX/RO.VRO不难看出,在万且表的同一电阻挡,若被测电阻越小,其两端的测试电压也越小,短路时,即万用表显示“000”时,被测电阻RX=0,则测试电压VRX=0;反之,随着被测电阻RX的不断增大,其两端的测试电压VRX也随之增大。当万用表显示“1000”时,即RX=RO时,测试电压VRX=VRO。当被测电阻达到RX=2RO,即满量程时,显示溢出符号“1”,此时被测电阻两端的测试电压VRX=2VRO。当被测电阻开路时,其测试电压达到最大值约0.65V(典型值)。由于DT830A型数字万用表各电阻挡的开路电压(空载输出电压)约为0.65V,所以不能直接测量在线电阻,因为这样高的测试电压足以便被测电路中的硅管(在正向测量时)趋于导通,从而影响测量经果。根据被测电阻与测试电压之间的变化规律不难想到:若我们在测量在线电阻之前,先在数字万用表的V/Ω与COM插孔之间,即两表笔之间,跨接一个电阻R1,也就是预先中一个负载电阻,把数字万且表在该电阻挡的测试电压降下来。只要R1的阻值选得合适,就能使其最大测试电压被限制在0.3V以下(不大于0.3V)。鉴于目前国内外普遍使用硅管,锗管极少见,而硅管在0.35V电压下仍处于截止状态,因此可以忽略硅管对被测电路的并联作用(可将硅管视为开路),所以这种方法能够用来测量晶体管在线电阻,这就是加载降压测量法。用此方法测量在线电阻时,各电阻挡的最大测试电压距上限0.35V应留有一定的余量,通常取最大测试电压小于等于0.3V。)用加载降压测量法测量在线电阻的电路连接如图2所示。
设被测在线电阻为RX,数字万用表的显示值为R,加载电阻为R1(取实测值)。显然,R、RX和R1三者的关系式为R=R1.RX/(R1+RX),所以被测在线电阻RX=R1.R/(R1-R),由此式即可算出被测在线电阻值。但各电阻挡的加载电阻R1的阻值取多大合适呢?笔者按图3所示的电路进行实验,以选取R1的合适阻值。连接如图3所示,实验数据如附表所列。由厂家提供的DT830A数字万用表各电阻挡的开路电压为0.65V或小于0.7V。
由附表可以看出,DT830A数字万用表的200Ω挡对R1取值范围要求最宽松,2kΩ朱如何要R1≤1.76kΩ就能满足要求,其他高挡对R1的取值就不一、一列举了。为了便于记忆和方便用,200Ω挡和2kΩ挡一般取R1=RO(或0.1R0≤R1≤R0)而对于2kΩ以上各电阻挡通常取0.1R0≤R1≤0.75R。R1的取值不能太小,否则将影响该电阻挡的测量范围。若R1取得太小,则RX>>R1,从而使R与R1的数值非常接近,这样会使测量误差明显增大(因为数字万用表本身存在±1个字的误差),所以通常取R1的下限为0.1Ro。对于DT830A型数字万用表,只要按照上述要求合理选取R1,就可以使各电阻挡的最大测试电压被限制在0.3V以下,从而能满足测量在线电阻的要求。加载降压测量法对于其它型号的数字万用表同样适用。

使用载降压测量法应注意的以下几点:(1)不同型号数字万用表电阻挡的满量程测试电压以及开路电压有所不同,所以加载电阻R1的取值范围应由实验来确定。(2)操作时应先在数字万用表V/Ω与COM插孔之间跨接好加载电阻R1并由数字万用表在该电阻挡读出R1的实测值后方可进行在线电阻的测量。不能先接被测电路后并联电阻R1,这会因数字万用表电阻挡的测试电压较高而便被测线路中的硅管趋于导通而失去测量意义(产生较大的测量误差)。所以,这个顺序不能颠倒。(3)由于一般的电路中与晶体管发射结、集电结相并联的电阻阻值多为kΩ~几百kΩ,而几十欧姆的很少,所以在线测量时通常先将数字万用表置中阻挡,即200kΩ挡(此挡的分辨率为0.1kΩ)或20kΩ挡。若测得R=R1.RX/(R1+RX)为O或很小,则说明被测电路有短路故障(RX=0)或量程偏高,此时应改用低阻挡(2kΩ挡)细测。若测得R=R1.RX/(R1+RX)与R1很接近,则说明被测电路可能存在开路故障(RX=∞)或量程偏低,应换用高阻挡(2WΩ挡)复测。(4)在线测量一般很少用200Ω电阻挡和20MΩ挡。因为加载电阻R1与被测电阻RX并联,实际上已经扩展了电阻挡的测量范围,提高了测量高阻的能力,所以一般使用2MΩ挡已经足够了。另外,由于2kΩ挡的分辨率为1Ω,用该挡判断被没电路的在线晶体管是否存在短路击穿也已够用了。一般情况不仅用三只加载电阻就能满足测量在线电阻的需要。以DT830A型数字万用表为例,其2kΩ挡取R1=R0=1kΩ,200kΩ挡取R1=0.47RO=47kΩ,2MΩ挡取R1=0.47R0=470kΩ。当然我们也可以用一只470kΩ的电位器代替以上三只加载电阻。(5)测完在线电阻后切莫志记及时去掉跨接在数字万用表V/Ω与COM插孔之间的加载电阻R1以免影响万用表的正常使用和发生意外(测量高压时)

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