在金属塑性成形过程中,哪些因素能提高金属塑性成形性能

2025-03-15 03:57:25
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

  提高金属塑性成型性能的因素有以下几项:

  • 金属的塑性随其纯度的提高而增加

           金属中的杂质元素对金属的塑性有很大影响。如碳钢中的杂质元素如硫、磷、氮、氢等产生热脆、冷脆、时效脆性及氢脆等,从而使碳钢的塑性降低。

  • 金属晶粒越小,大小越均匀,金属的塑性增加

           晶粒细小,则标志着晶界面积大,晶界强度高,变形多集中在晶内,故有较高的塑性。而粗大的晶粒,由于其大小不容易均匀,晶界强度低,容易在晶界处造成应力集中,出现裂纹,所以塑性较低。

  • 随着变形温度的升高,金属的塑性增加

            随着温度的升高,发生了回复和再结晶;当温度升高时,临界剪切应力降低,滑移系增加了;当温度升高时,金属的组织结构发生变化;当温度升高时,会产生新的塑性变形方式——热塑性;随着温度的升高,晶界的切变抗力显著降低,使得晶界滑动易于进行;同时由于扩散作用的加强,及时消除了晶界滑动所引起的微裂纹,因此晶界滑动量很大,有利于塑性的提高。

  • 适当增加变形速度,可以增加金属的塑性。

            随着变形速度的增加,温度效应显著,也使得金属的塑性提高;但是随着变形速度进一步增加,金属过早地达到断裂阶段,反而会使得金属的塑性降低。

  • 压应力数目越多,即静水应力大,金属的塑性增加

           拉应力促进晶间变形,加速晶界破坏;而压应力能阻止或者减小晶间变形;随着三向压缩作用的增强,晶间变形更加困难,因此提高了金属的塑性。压应力有利于抑制或者消除晶体中由于塑性变形引起的各种微观破坏,而拉应力则相反,它促使各种破坏发展、扩大。三向压应力能抵消由于变形不均匀所引起的附加拉应力。

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