西汉时期农业生产是怎样发展在哪些方面?

2025-04-02 09:00:59
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

一西汉时期农业生产的发展主要表现在下述几个方面:

(1)牛耕和铁制农具的使用更加普遍推广。西汉时期畜力耕作主要是以牛耕,同时也辅以马耕。汉政府极重视对耕牛的保护,重治盗牛罪。铁农具普遍推广,成为农业生产中具有决定性作用的工具。正如《盐铁论水旱》所云:“农,天下之大业也;铁器,民之大用也。”使用铁农具的范围也从中原地区逐渐向边远地区推广。铁农具种类增多,形制有了改善。尤其是大型耕具犁的构造有了很大改革,装上了犁壁,这样就可以翻土,比欧洲犁壁的发明早了一千多年。犁耕技术也有很大进步,比较通行的是二牛抬杠的犁耕方式,即用二牛挽犁,一人扶犁,一人牵牛,一人掌握破土深浅。从考古发现西汉末年的壁画上来看,当时耕犁上有的已改装上了犁箭以控制入土深度。西汉还有一种使用单牛的犁耕,这比较适用于小农耕作。

(2)耕作技术有了很大提高。汉武帝时的搜栗都尉赵过总结了关中一带农民的生产经验,名为“代田法”,即一步宽的一个长条亩,纵向分为三(quan犬)、三垄,?垄相间,各宽一尺,播种于中,等苗长高时,又把高垄上土培在中苗根部,能使作物耐旱抗风。第二年,则以原?作垄,以垄作,位置互换。这种“代田”耕作方法比较科学,能提高产量,亩产量比使用一般耕作方法耕种的田地可增加一斛到两斛,甚至更多一些。另外,赵过还推广了耧播技术,使用三腿耧车(耧足为铁制),一牛拽引,一人扶耧播种,日可种一顷。又,汉成帝时汜胜之总结农业生产经验,写成一部农学著作,叫做《汜胜之书》,其中记载了很多种作物的种植方法以及耕作技术。其中最著名的就是区田法。区田法是一种精耕细作的耕作方法,这种方法是把一亩田按照一定规格,耕掘为若千区(最多的掘作三千七百个小区),每区都经深耕,施足肥料,下种二十粒,精心浇灌和管理。这种园艺式的耕作方法所费工本较大,但却适宜于人多而可耕地少的地区推广,一般可以获得较高产量。

(3)水利工程的兴修。经过汉初六、七十年间的恢复时期,至汉武帝时,国家积累了大量的财力与物力,水利事业也随之大兴。这主要表现在对黄河的治理以及许多农田水利灌溉工程的开凿。公元前132年(元光三年),河决于瓠子(今河南濮阳南),泛滥成灾,影响所及达十六郡,汉政府曾经发卒十万人治理,无效。公元前109年(元封二年),武帝在祠泰山后至瓠子,发卒数万治河,并“命从臣将军以下负薪塞河堤”。经此次治理后,其后八十年间无大河水之患。武帝时,又在关中开漕渠(主持人为水工徐伯),龙首渠,六辅渠(于郑国渠上游修了六条辅助小渠),白渠,成国渠,灵帜渠,??渠等。其中灌溉以白渠为最著名。白渠为引泾水入渭水,长二百里,灌田四千五百余顷。时有民谣曰:“田于何所,池阳谷口。郑国在前,白渠起后。举重为云,决9。,渠为雨。水流灶下,鱼跳入釜。泾水一石,其泥数斗;且溉且粪,长我禾黍,衣食京师,亿万之口。”(《汉书沟洫志》)。其他如西北地区、中原地区的许多郡县也有一些水利灌溉工程的兴修。

(4)户口、垦田大增。西汉末年,全国垦田八百二十七万五百余顷;户口,一千二百二十三万三千余户,五千九百五十九万余口。户口垦田均比战国时大增。

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