怎么鉴别野山参年龄

2025-03-14 06:11:33
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

野山参的“不定根”,习称为“艼”或“门艼”,生长于“堆花芦”或“马牙芦”上(圆芦上不长艼),“艼”和生出“艼”的那段参芦统称为“艼帽”。按照“艼”的形态,分为枣核艼、蒜瓣艼、顺长艼、毛毛艼、兔耳朵艼等。按照“艼”的生长方式有“对生艼”、“掐脖艼”、“护脖艼”等。对野山参“艼”的鉴别,有助于判断野山参的生长年限,也有助于区别野山参纯货和其它“山参趴货”,同时还有助于甄辩人参生长的生物信息。野山参不定根:枣核艼“枣核艼”是野山参的典型特征之一。艼体短粗,两端尖细,形如大枣之核,故名枣核艼。野山参生有枣核艼,要有一个年深日久的缓慢过程,生长四五十年的野山参,一般只具有比较典型的“蒜瓣艼”,生长五十年以上的野山参,主根须逐渐衰退,吸收功能下降,激发艼须快速生长,吸收养分迅速膨胀,待艼须的吸收功能也衰退了,原有的蒜瓣艼会逐渐演变成两头尖,中间膨胀的枣核状艼,即成为“枣核艼”,野山参生有枣核艼,是野山参够老的标志性特征,标志着其内在品质优异。传统上认为“枣核艼”是鉴别野山参的显著特征,实际上,具有枣核艼的野山参极少,只有生长百八十年的老山参才会有典型的枣核艼,而现在老山参极少,市场上大多是二三十年或是三四十年的野山参,这样的野山参根本不会生长枣核艼,所以,枣核艼市面上也就很少见。野山参不定根:蒜瓣艼蒜瓣艼的特点是:连接芦碗一端头钝圆、另一头尖细顺长,形如蒜瓣,习称蒜瓣艼。“蒜瓣艼”也是野山参特征之一,与“枣核艼”相比,蒜瓣艼不是典型的特征,但在野山参中很常见。蒜瓣艼是野山参中期生长信息的表达,生长三四十年的野山参,芦头上的“顺长艼”稍显颓势,畸形变态,缓缓膨大逐渐嬗变成蒜瓣艼。目前市场中生有蒜瓣艼的野山参很多见。因多是三四十年或四五十年的货品,此类货品多为蒜瓣艼,但由于生长年限的差别,蒜瓣艼中老嫩不一,质嫩者色白而脆,质老者分腿分支而色深,二者相差悬殊。野山参不定根:顺长艼特点是艼体上部稍粗,向下渐细而长,粗细变化不突然,艼长超过主根,随主根顺势而下,故名顺长艼。顺长艼是年幼野山参信息的表达,通常二三十年左右的野山参会多为顺长艼,目前野山参市场中此类货品非常多。野山参不定根:毛毛艼是芦头上长出的弯弯曲曲细小的不定根。集中长在芦头一侧的毛毛艼像一撮山羊胡子,也称“羊胡子艼”。毛毛艼于长在芦头两侧,称做“蓑衣艼”。毛毛艼是人参初期生长信息的表达,说明生长年限很短,还不具备野山参的基本特征。野山参不定根:艼帽野山参的艼帽通常是一段,也有特别发达而具有多段艼帽的。通过对艼帽的鉴别,有助于掌握和了解野山参的生长信息,甄别优劣。艼帽大直接影响野山参的品质,通常艼帽的重量不超过总体重量的20%,超过这个比例就称艼帽大。为什么会有“大艼帽”原因很多,一是野山参生长地落叶腐烂,土壤地温、干湿度合适,微生物活跃,腐殖质充分分解,富集营养素,艼就会多条萌发,众多的毛毛艼迅速吸收,猛长而成大艼帽。二是森林新伐区,砍伐了木材,忽然降低了郁闭度,阳光透射的强度增加,光合作用随之增加,首先使艼须膨大疯长。三是年幼野山参移栽新地,受动土刺激长成大艼帽。不过,艼帽大不能一概而论,通常艼帽大,主根占的比例越小,整支参的质量就差,这样的货品就要降等降级;若虽然艼帽大但长有枣核艼,且配一主根,为典型的“一艼一棒”,这又恰是优质野山参,不能降级论价,应定为优质佳品。年代久远的野山参上多生有1-3根参艼,两根以上的多为左右互生,野山参艼体总是自然垂直向下伸延,称为“下顺”,这是野山参艼生长方向的特点。“参艼”有扩大人参吸收营养和水份面积和增强固着或支撑的功能,尤其是野山参的“艼”在其生长后期起着更重要的支柱作用,如果“艼”所处的土质条件比主根好,常有“艼”大而超过主根的,称为“奴欺主”现象;倘若主根后期萎缩或受伤,大形的“艼”往往代替主根,成为“艼变山参”;有的野山参因年岁太老,枣核艼还会拔出圆芦,常说的双体参、三体参、四体参,实际就是“艼”已嬗变成山参,都有圆芦,往往形成错觉,看似多个大小不等的主根。依据艼的粗细老嫩可大致判别野山参的年龄,艼帽的大小可判别土质的肥瘦以及是否动土移栽过。而艼的生长方向在鉴别工作中更为重要,它记载了重要的生物信息,小的野山参是直立而生,艼的方向始终是自然下垂;移山参或趴货移栽时取平卧或斜卧,艼的方向是朝天上翘或平伸,如果是毛毛艼则说明年份很短;圆参的艼多是上粗下细,状如参腿,不向下垂而向上或旁伸。艼的伸出方向和艼本身的样子同样重要,应盯牢不放,仔细观察,它是甄别纯货和趴货的重要标志之一。

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