推荐回答(1个)
一.相差镜检法(Phasecontrast)
在光学显微镜的发展过程中,相差镜检术的发明成功,是近代显微镜技术中的重要成就.我们知道,人眼只能区分光波的波长(颜色)和振幅(亮度),对于无色通明的生物标本,当光线通过时,波长和振幅变化不大,在明场观察时很难观察到标本.
相差显微镜利用被检物体的光程之差进行镜检,也就是有效地利用光的干涉现象,将人眼不可分辨的相位差变为可分辨的振幅差,即使是无色透明的物质也可成为清晰可见.这大大便利了活体细胞的观察,因此相差镜检法广泛应用于倒置显微镜.
相差显微镜的基本原理是,把透过标本的可见光的光程差变成振幅差,从而提高了各种结构间的对比度,使各种结构变得清晰可见.光线透过标本后发生折射,偏离了原来的光路,同时被延迟了1/4λ(波长),如果再增加或减少1/4λ,则光程差变为1/2λ,两束光合轴后干涉加强,振幅增大或减下,提高反差.在构造上,相差显微镜有不同于普通光学显微镜两个特殊之处:
1.环形光阑(annulardiaphragm)位于光源与聚光器之间,作用是使透过聚光器的光线形成空心光锥,焦聚到标本上.
2.相位板(annularphaseplate)在物镜中加了涂有氟化镁的相位板,可将直射光或衍射光的相位推迟1/4λ.分为两种:
1.A+相板:将直射光推迟1/4λ,两组光波合轴后光波相加,振幅加大,标本结构比周围介质更加变亮,形成亮反差(或称负反差).
2.B+相板:将衍射光推迟1/4λ,两组光线合轴后光波相减,振幅变小,形成暗反差(或称正反差),结构比周围介质更加变暗
二.暗视野观察(Darkfield)
暗视野实际是暗场照明发.它的特点和明视野不同,不直接观察到照明的光线,而观察到的是被检物体反射或衍射的光线.因此,视场成为黑暗的背景,而被检物体则呈现明亮的象.
暗视野的原理是根据光学上的丁道尔现象,微尘在强光直射通过的情况下,人眼不能观察,这是因为强光绕射造成的.若把光线斜射它,由于光的反射,微粒似乎增大了体积,为人眼可见.
m..m暗视野观察所需要的特殊附件是暗视野聚光镜.它的特点是不让光束由下至上的通过被检物体,而是将光线改变途径,使其斜射向被检物体,使照明光线不直接进入物镜,利用被检物体表面反射或衍射光形成的明亮图象.暗视野观察的分辨率远高于明视野观察,最高达0.02—0.004
三.明视野观察(Brightfield)
明视野镜检是大家比较熟悉的一种镜检方式,广泛应用于病理、检验,用于观察被染色的切片,所有显微镜均能完成此功能.
四.偏光显微镜(Polarizingmicroscope)
偏光显微镜的特点
偏光显微镜是鉴定物质细微结构光学性质的一种显微镜.凡具有双折射的物质,在偏光显微镜下就能分辨的清楚,当然这些物质也可用染色发来进行观察,但有些则不可能,而必须利用偏光显微镜.
偏光显微镜的特点,就是将普通改变为偏光进行镜检的方法,以鉴别某一物质是单折射(各向同行)或双折射性(各向异性).
双折射性是晶体的基本特性.因此,偏光显微镜被广泛地应用在矿物,化学等领域.在生物学和植物学也有应用.
五.微分干涉称镜检术(DifferentialinterferencecontrastDIC)
微分干涉镜检术出现于60年代,它不仅能观察无色透明的物体,而且图象呈现出浮雕壮的立体感,并具有相衬镜检术所不能达到的某些优点,观察效果更为逼真.
原理;
微分干涉称镜检术是利用特制的渥拉斯顿棱镜来分解光束.分裂出来的光束的振动方向相互垂直且强度相等,光束分别在距离很近的两点上通过被检物体,在相位上略有差别.由于两光束的裂距极小,而不出现重影现象,使图象呈现出立体的三维感觉.
DIC显微镜的物理原理完全不同于相差显微镜,技术设计要复杂得多.DIC利用的是偏振光,有四个特殊的光学组件:偏振器(polarizer)、DIC棱镜、DIC滑行器和检偏器(analyzer).偏振器直接装在聚光系统的前面,使光线发生线性偏振.在聚光器中则安装了偌玛斯斯棱镜,即DIC棱镜,此棱镜可将一束光分解成偏振方向不同的两束光(x和y),二者成一小夹角.聚光器将两束光调整成与显微镜光轴平行的方向.最初两束光相位一致,在穿过标本相邻的区域后,由于标本的厚度和折射率不同,引起了两束光发生了光程差.在物镜的后焦面处安装了第二个偌玛斯斯棱镜,即DIC滑行器,它把两束光波合并成一束.
这时两束光
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