推荐回答(4个)
没有说不让士人参政,顺治年间就开科考试。但是清朝主要的是满人把持,重要职位基本都是满人,像六部长官一共24名,6满尚书6满侍郎,6汉尚书6汉侍郎,结果汉官只能以满官为尊,暗降一级。汉人很少成为中央政治核心成员,做到督抚就算顶天了,功劳实在大的加一个尚书衔。真正进入中央的汉文文臣有范文程(这个是沈阳的汉人,早期跟随努尔哈赤的人,算是谋臣),刘墉(搜索引擎),纪昀(搜索引擎),陈廷敬(字典+秘书),张廷玉(字典+秘书),翁同龢(字典+两帝师),但是依然是一个抄手和咨询顾问角色。像曾国藩,李鸿章,胡林翼都是封疆大吏,终老没能进入决策核心。这样情况一部分原因是当时满人对汉人还是有戒心,一部分原因是皇权制度发展就是把结构扁平化,加强皇权控制力。
满清防汉乃第一要务!士人,呵呵,士人一个个不是成了呆子就是成了奴才。
这个问题的说法是完全错误的。事实上,清朝不仅允许士人参政,还高度重视士人的政治地位。
在清朝的政治体制中,科举考试是选拔官员的主要途径,而士人则是科举考试的主要竞争者。因此,士人在清朝的政治体系中扮演着非常重要的角色。
在清朝的早期,汉族官僚在政治上有着较高的地位,例如范文程、刘墉、纪昀、陈廷敬、张廷玉、翁同龢等人都是中央政治的核心成员。然而,由于满族人对于政治的掌控和对于汉人的戒心,汉族官僚在清朝政治中的地位受到了限制。
总的来说,清朝允许士人参政,但在实际操作中,由于满族人对于政治的掌控以及其他历史原因,汉族官僚在清朝政治中的地位受到了影响。
就思想文化而言,尽管明太祖“以重典治天下”、明成祖以“瓜蔓抄”诛杀方孝孺十族,还有王振、魏忠贤当道时的恐怖,但明朝在总体上是自由奔放的;尽管清康熙帝号称开明、乾隆帝堪称风流,也有于成龙等人的铮铮铁骨,但清朝总体上是严峻冷酷的。
明代中期以后,是思想家和文学家的思想引导社会思潮,是商人的消费方式影响价值观念。阳明学派、泰州学派,前后七子、江南四子,台阁派、公安派、竟陵派,传奉官、马尾裙,民歌、时调、小唱,形形色色的思想家、文化人,富商、巧匠、名妓,名儒吴与弼、陈献章、王守仁,异端王艮、颜钧、何心隐,山人徐渭、乐新炉、陈继儒,“洋僧”利玛窦、汤若望、南怀仁,基督教徒徐光启、李之藻、杨廷筠,洋人的书、洋人的炮、洋人教师。光怪陆离,目不暇接。自由之风、西方之学,犹如润物之和风细雨,细致入微。
清代则是统治者的思想领导社会潮流,直至晚清,肃杀之气尚存,致龚自珍有“避席畏闻文字狱,著书都为稻粱谋”之叹。即以文字狱论,明朝的文字狱大多为胡乱杀人,清朝的文字狱则为蓄意杀人,其后果遂全然两样。明朝的士大夫越是被朝廷惩罚,便越是得到舆论的赞扬,于是更加意气风发;除了文字狱和贪赃枉法,清朝的士大夫倒是少受惩罚,但不是最高统治者的仁慈,而是士大夫的“死相”。中国知识分子的脊梁,其实是在清朝被折断的。在洋务运动发生之前,他们的聪明才智皆用于“朴学”即考据之学,虽然远离了社会、远离了民众,听不到他们关注社会、关注民众的呼声,但对于整理中国故籍,却多有贡献。至于洋人,倒是在康熙时做了一阵子花瓶,而雍正帝则将他们统统赶到澳门,省去了许多麻烦。但当洋人携带着坚船利炮卷土重来之时,却瞪目不知所措。
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