虚拟语气的问题

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1.主语从句中的虚拟语气主语从句中的虚拟语气主要取决于某些形容词和过去分词，用来表示建议、命令、要求、惊异和失望等。其形式为：（should）+动词原形。

常这样用的形容词有：

appropriate适当的advisable适当的，合理的better较好的desirable理想的essential精华的imperative迫切的important重要的insistent坚持的natural自然的necessary必要的preferable优越的，较好的strange奇怪的urgent紧迫的vital极其重要的

过去分词有：

desired, demanded, ordered, requested, suggested, recommended, required等。

例如：

It is essential that you (should) win the voters’hearts.赢得选民的心是绝对必要的。

It was suggested that he (should) join the club activities.有人提议他应该参加俱乐部的活动。

2.表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气在表示建议、命令、主张、目的和愿望等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要求使用虚拟语气。其形式为：（should）+动词原形。

常这样用的名词有：

resolution决心，决议pray恳求decision决议motion提议suggestion建议preference选择proposal提议advice劝告recommendation推荐desire愿望demand要求requirement要求order命令necessity必要性request要求idea主意、想法例如：

He gave orders that the guests (should) be hospitably entertained.他下令热情款待这些客人。

His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.他提议我们应该摈弃这些不良习性。

3.宾语从句中的虚拟语气1）某些动词后所接宾语从句中的谓语动词要求用虚拟语气，用来表示建议、命令和要求等。其形式为：（should）+动词原形。常这样用的动词有：

ask要求advise劝告determine决定decide决定command命令insist坚持intend打算move提议prefer宁愿propose提议order命令recommend推荐request要求require要求suggest建议urge主张demand要求desire渴望direct命令例如：

He insisted that the meeting be put off.他要求推迟那个会议。

They proposed that all the plans should be discussed at the meeting.他们建议所有的计划都应该在会上讨论。

2）在以it为形式宾语的复合宾语从句中也可以用虚拟语气，其形式为：（should）+动词原形。这一句型中使用的形容词（宾补）与主语从句中的虚拟语气所使用的形容词相同。例如：

We think it advisable that he (should) think deeply before acting.我们认为他在行动之前好好考虑一下才是明智的。

3）wish后面所跟的宾语从句中的虚拟语气表示某种不能实现的愿望。

其主要形式有三种：

表示对现在情况的虚拟：wish +主语+动词过去式或were表示对过去情况的虚拟：wish +主语+ had +过去分词表示对将来情况的虚拟：wish +主语+ would +动词原形。

例如：

I wish I knew what was going to happen.但愿我能知道要发生什么事。

She wished she had stayed at home.她懊悔的是她当时要是在家就好了。

I wish I were rich.我恨不得我很有钱。

注意：在表示对过去情况的虚拟时，有时也可以用下列形式：

wish +主语+ would（could）+ have +过去分词I wish I could have seen her last night.要是我昨天晚上能够见到她那该多好。
4. if条件句中的虚拟语气形式1）if非真实条件句所表示的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的主句与从句都用虚拟语气。

在if非真实虚拟条件句中，主句和从句谓语动词主要有下面几种形式：

假设类型条件从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式与现在事实相反动词过去时（be用were）Should（would，could，might）+动词原形与过去事实相反Had +过去分词Should（would，could, might）+ have +过去分词与将来事实可能相反动词过去时（should+动词原形，were to +动词原形）Should（would，could，might）+动词原形

If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.假如没有引力，我们就不可能行走。

I wouldn’t have known what these were for if I hadn’t been told.假如别人不告诉我，我就不知道这些东西是干什么的了。

2）正式文体中，有时可把虚拟条件句中的连词if省去，而将were，had, should等助动词（不包括行为动词）提到主语前面。如果句中没有were，had或should时，既不能省略if，也不能倒装。例如：

Were I to meet him tomorrow (= If I were to met him tomorrow), I should ask him about it.要是我明天见到他，我就会问他这件事的。

Had I had the money last year (= If I had had the money last year), I would have bought the house.如果我去年有了这笔钱，我就买那所房子了。

Should there be any trouble with the boiler, the automatic controlling unit would cut off the fuel oil supply.假如锅炉出问题的话，自控装置会自动切断燃油的供给。

3）通常情况下，在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的，但有时也可能指不同的时间，这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式。例如：

If I were you, I would have taken his advice.我要是你，我就采纳了他的建议。（从句指现在，主句指过去）

If the weather had been more favorable, the crop would be growing still better.如果气候更适宜一些，庄稼会长得更好。（从句指过去，主句指现在）

5.含蓄虚拟条件句1）有时假设的情况并不以条件从句形式表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语或其他方式表示。常用的词或短语有：without, but for, but that, otherwise, or, but等。例如：

Without your help (=If we had not had your help), we could not have succeeded.要是没有你的帮助，我们就不会成功的。

But for electricity (= If there were no electricity), there would be no modern industry.要是没有电，就不会有现代工业。

He was having a meeting; otherwise he would have come over to help us.他当时正与他的学生进行讨论，否则的话他就来帮我们了。

He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have attended the party.他昨天很累，不然他就参加那个聚会了。

2）在某些暗含虚拟条件的简单句中，虚拟语气可通过上下文表现出来。谓语动词用should/ would be形式和should/ would have been虚拟形式。例如：

Any men in his position would have done like that.任何人处在他的位置都会那么做的。

You should (ought to) have come earlier.你本应来得早点。

6.其他句型中的虚拟语气1）在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well和would prefer等后面所跟的从句中，也可以用虚拟语气，表示愿望，意为“宁愿、但愿”。其形式为：

①“would rather (would sooner…) +主语+谓语动词过去式”表示现在或将来的情况。

②“would rather (would sooner) +主语+动词过去完成式”表示过去的情况。例如：I’d rather he didn’t go now.要是他现在不走就好了I’d just as soon you had been here yesterday.要是你昨天在这里就好了。

2）在句型“It is (high/ about) time…”后面也可以跟虚拟语气，从句中常用过去式。有时也用“（should）+动词原形”，意为“该是……的时候了”。例如：

It is time that the boy (should) go to school.这个小孩该上学了。

It is high time (that) the weather improved.天气真该好起来了。

3）在“if only”引起的感叹句中也要求用虚拟语气，表示愿望。

形式为：①用过去时或“would/ could +动词原形”表示与现在或未来事实相反的愿望。

②过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。例如：

If only you would listen to our advice.要是你听我们的建议就好了。

If only I had not been busy last week!要是上周我不忙该多好啊！

If only she could marry me.但愿她能嫁给我。

注：if only也可以用于虚拟条件句中。例如：

If only I had more money, I could buy a car.要是我有更多的钱，我就可以买辆车了。

4）连接词“in case, lest, for fear that”可以用来引导虚拟语气。其形式通常为：“…lest (in case, for fear that) +主语+ should +动词原形”。Lest, for fear that句中的should可以省去，in case句中的should通常不省去，但是in case句中可以不用虚拟语气，而用陈述语气。Lest, for fear that后面也可以接其他形式。例如：

He took his coat with him in case it should rain.他带着雨衣以防下雨。

I will not make a noise for fear that I (should/ might) disturb you.我不会做声的，以免打扰你。

Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow (should) occur.在使用这以方法的时候要谨慎小心，以免发生溢流现象。

虚拟语气是英语中用来表示对不可能发生的事物的一种猜测或假设的语气。英语中的虚拟语气常见的类型有:条件状语从句中的虚拟语气，后宾语从句中的虚拟语气，某些动词后宾语从句中的虚拟语气，某些结构后主语从句中的虚拟语气等。本课中出现的条件状语从句中的虚拟语气，本将只讨论条件状语从句中的虚拟语气。

"if"条件状语从句中的虚拟语气的结构如下表：
虚拟类型从句主句
对现在情况的假设一般过去时would+动词原形
对将来情况的假设一般过去时would+动词原形
对过去情况的假设过去完成时would + have + 过去分词

一、对现在情况的假设

本课课文中出现了虚拟语气,主要表示对不可能发生或不太可能发生的现在情况的假设，其中使用虚拟语气的句子有:

1)If you were an Inuit near the North Pole, you would enjoy the raw meat from seals.
2)If you were a man living in the grassland, you would prefer the roasted meat of sheep or goats.
3)If you were in Germany, you would find soup that is thick and heavy.
4)If you were in China, you would find soup that is thin and clear.

以上各句所体现都是条件状语从句中的虚拟语气，表示对不可能发生或不太可能发生的现在情况的假设。
对现在情况假设的虚拟语气的构成如下：

1）条件状语从句中用were,而主句中则用would + enjoy 构成
2）条件状语从句中用were,而主句中则用would + prefer 构成
3）条件状语从句中用were,而主句中则用would + find 构成
4）条件状语从句中用were,而主句中则用would + find 构成

二、对将来情况的假设

1)If I had enough time, I would certainly go.
2)If you hurried up, you would catch that train.
3)If you studied hard in college, you would find a good job in the future.
1.如果我有足够的时间,我一定会去。
2.如果你快一点，你还会赶上那趟列车。
3.如果你在大学里努力学习，将来你就会找到一份好工作。

对将来情况的假设的虚拟语气的构成如下：

1)条件状语从句中用had,而主句中则用would + go 构成
2)条件状语从句中用hurried,而主句中则用would + catch 构成
3)条件状语从句中用studied,而主句中则用would + find 构成

三、对过去情况的假设

1)If you had begun to do your homework earlier, you would have completed them.
2)If I had listened to the teacher, I would have finished reading the English book.
3)If Tom had prepared the mid-term exam well, he would have passed it.

1)如果你早点开始做家庭作业，你早就做完了。
2)如果我听了老师的话，我该把这本英语书看完了。
3)要是汤姆为其中考试做了充分准备，这次其中考试他就及格了。

对过去情况假设的虚拟语气的构成如下：

1)条件状语从句中用had begun,而主句中则用would + have + complete构成
2)条件状语从句中用had listened ,而主句中则用would + have + finished构成
3)条件状语从句中用had prepared,而主句中则用would + have + passed 构成

四、条件句虚拟语气中的情态动词该如何选用？

条件句虚拟语气中的情态动词是否只能使用would条件句虚拟语气主句除了可使用would外还可以便用might, could和should。其中should多用于第一人称后。在美国英语中在第一人称后多用would。

1)If I have enough time, I should have finished it. 如果我有足够的时间,我会完成它的。
2)If he hadn't been ill, he might have come. 要不是生病,他可能就来了。
3)If I had been more careful, I could have done better. 我要是细心一点,是可以做得更好的。

五、条件句虚拟语气从句中的be动词的正确形式是

条件句虚拟语气中从句中的be动词不管是什么人称,多用were形式。但在非正式特别是口语中,第一、三人称单数也可以使用was。

1)If he were here now, he would give us a hand. 如果他现在在这儿，他会帮助我的。
2)If I were you, I would not go. 如果我是你,我是不会去的。
3)If she was here, we could ask her.如果她在这儿,我们可以问她。

六、条件状语从句中的虚拟语气的倒装形式是

当条件句虚拟语气的从句中含有"be, have, should, could四个词,从句可以倒装。倒装的形式是把这四个单词提前至句首，将If省略,剩下的句序不变。

1)Were I you, I would study hard. 如果我是你,我就会好好学习。
2)Had I had enough home, I would have done it better.如果我有足够的时间，我会把这件事做得更好。
3)Should John come now, what would you say to him ?如果约翰现在来,你会对他说些什么?
4)Could the dead man have spoken, he would have identified his murderer.如果死人会说话,他会认出谁是谋害他的人。

should
have
done表示过去本来应该做而没做，含责备之意
could
have
done表示过去本可以做而没做
would
have
done表示过去的愿望等
另外，should有固定的句式，像在suggest,require,insist等表示愿望的词后跟的宾语从句中谓语动词用（should）动此原形，还有一些句式，相信上课的时候你们老师也讲了。关键是多积累语感，这些死的规则是在理解句子内在逻辑的基础上的

虚拟语气的定义
虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达假设、主观愿望、猜测、建议、可能或纯粹的空想等非真实情况。
· 非真实条件句及其分类
非真实条件句是相对于真实条件句而言的。我们以前所学的条件状语从句都是属于真实条件句。 <><><> 非真实条件句的分类： 一. 与现在事实相反； 二. 与过去事实相反； 三. 与将来事实可能相反。
· 非真实条件句（1）
与现在事实相反 从句的谓语用动词过去式或were， 主句的谓语用would(should) + 动词原形。 If the weather were fine, we would (should) go out for a walk. 如果天气晴朗，我们就要出去散散步。（实际天气不好。） If I were you, I would not be so angry. 如果我是你的话，我不会那么生气。（实际上，我就不可能是你。） If I had a lot of money now, I would buy a car. 如果现在我有很多钱，我会买小车。（实际上，我没有很多钱。）
· 非真实条件句（2）
与过去事实相反 从句的谓语用had+过去分词， 主句的谓语用would(should) have+ 过去分词。 If you had previewed the text, you wouldn’t fail to answer the question. 如果你有预习课文的话，你就不至于不会回答这个问题。 She would have come if she hadn’t been so busy. 如果她不是这么忙的话，她早就来了。
· 非真实条件句（3）
与将来事实相反 从句的谓语用 动词过去式，should +动词原形，或were to + 动词原形； 主句的谓语用would(should, could, might)+ 动词原形。 If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should go to see the film. 如果明天是星期天的话，我就会去看电影。（实际上，明天不是星期天。） If she should come, I would ask her for help. 如果她会来，我就会请求她的帮助。 If I were to do it, I would do it in a different way. 要是我来做这件事，我会用不同的方式来做。
· 用倒装句表示非真实条件
如果条件状语从句的谓语动词中含有were, had, should, 可以省略连词if，把were, had, should,放在主语前构成倒装。如果条件状语从句是否定形式，倒装时只能把not放在主语的后面，不能用缩写形式而把not一起放到主语之前。 Should there be a flood, what should we do? 万一发生了水灾，我们该怎么办呢？ Were it not for their assistance, we would be in serious difficulty. 要是没有他们的帮助，我们会陷入困境。 Had you arrived at the station ten minutes earlier, you could have caught the train. 如果你早十分钟到达车站的话，你早就赶上火车了。
· 虚拟语气：含蓄条件句
通过介词短语，副词或上下文来表示假设、条件的虚拟语气表达法叫做含蓄条件句。 We took a taxi to the airport. Otherwise we should have been late. 我们打的去空港。要不然的话我们说不定就迟到了。 Without music, the world would be a dull place. 如果没有音乐，这个世界将变成一个沉闷的地方。 What would you do with a million dollars? 如果你有一百万美元你会做什么？
· 虚拟语气：主语从句
形容词为necessary, important, impossible, strange, natural, essential时， 在“It + be + 形容词或过去分词 + 主语从句”中，主语从句要虚拟。 It is necessary that the problem (should) be discussed at once. 立刻讨论这个问题很有必要。 It is strange that he (should) have so many friends. 太奇怪了，他有那么多的朋友。 It has been decided that the meeting (should) be put off. 已经决定推迟这个会议。
· 虚拟语气：宾语从句
一些含有假设、猜想、建议等意思的动词后面的宾语从句要用should+原形动词结构,should往往可以省略。 这类动词有: advice, arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, require, request, suggest等。 I suggested that he study harder. 我建议他用功一些。（这一题要特别注意：为什么study用原形。） I insisted that he (should) go. 我强调他应当去。 She commanded that we (should) attack at once. 她命令我们必须立刻进攻。 I demand that John go there at once. 我要求约翰必须立刻到那儿去。
· 虚拟语气：表语从句
主语是idea, notion, proposal, suggestion, request等名词时,作表语从句的动词为原形动词或should+原形动词。 My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him. 我的建议是我们应该去帮助他。 Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible. 我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。