推荐回答(2个)
蘑菇、香菇、平菇、金针菇、猴头菇、竹荪等栽培食用菌,以及松乳菇、松茸等纯化中的食用菌,均可采用组织分离法获得菌种。现以香菇为例说明组织分离法的主要步骤。
(1)选择种菇按上述标准挑选种菇,采收后装入无菌纸袋内(忌用塑料袋)。(2)组织分离在无菌条件下,先用酒精棉球对菇体进行表面消毒,然后手持菌柄,将香菇撕成两半,取手术刀经火焰灭菌、冷却后,在菌盖、菌柄交界处或菌柄的上部挑取一小块(米粒般大小)菌肉,移植到PDA斜面上(事先配制并灭菌备用),即可转入培养观察阶段。(3)培养观察上述组织分离物在25℃条件下,经过3~5天即可看到分离物表面长出白色绒毛状菌丝,呈星芒状在培养基上生长。培养期间,应每隔1~2天检查1次,随时淘汰霉菌或细菌污染的培养物。培养10~15天后,再作1次转管培养,即可得到香菇母种。然后经栽培试验,确认其可以正常出菇后方可用于菌种生产和栽培。
菌棒分离法,包括耳(菇)木分离法和代料基质分离法,通常称之为“基内菌丝分离法”。菌棒分离法是获得胶质菌的常用方法。菌棒分离法的主要步骤如下:
(1)耳木分离法
耳木的采集,必须在木耳、银耳出耳盛期,在已经长过子实体的耳木上,选择菌丝生长旺盛,周围无杂菌的部分,用锯截取一小段,先把耳木表面的杂物洗净,然后风干或充分晾干,使耳木干燥。在分离之前,先把耳木通过酒精灯火焰,重复燎过多次,烧去表面的杂菌孢子,再用75%酒精表面消毒。组织块必须从耳木中菌丝蔓延生长的部位选取,用无菌解剖刀挑取一小块耳木组织,接入PDA培养基上,挑取的组织块越小越好,可减少杂菌污染,提高分离成功率。培养基高压灭菌后加入广谱抗菌素(每毫升培养基加链霉素或青霉素50~100单位),抑制细菌生长。认真检查组织分离获得的菌丝体,淘汰杂菌。挑取菌落边缘菌丝,接种到新的培养基上,获得纯培养。
(2)代料基质分离法
选择子实体发生早、产量高、无病虫害的栽培瓶或栽培袋,待子实体长至八成熟时,从中筛选出最佳的一瓶(或袋),去掉子实体,然后用75%的酒精消毒整个栽培瓶(或袋),同时将接种工具和待接培养料一起放入接种箱内,用甲醛熏蒸消毒。分离时,去掉料面老菌丝,用接种针挑取小块长有菌丝的培养料,接入试管内,适宜温度下培养。选取菌丝生长良好的试管转管纯化。
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