定语从句中。that 和in which的用法。

定语从句: 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子在复合句中充当定语，所以叫作定语从句。

先行词： 定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。

关系词： 引导定语从句的词，分为关系代词（who,whom,that,which,whose）和关系副词(where,when,why,)。

复合句 ： The man who (that) came is Mike.

先行词 关系代词

Li Ming is the one that got full marks in our class.

先行词 关系代词

上句的黑体字为复合句中的主句，蓝体字为定语从句.

一 定语从句的关系代词 Which的用法: 若先行词指物则代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语.

This is the pen which was given by my friend.

先行词 指物代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语

This is the pen which my friend gave to me.

先行词 指物代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语

二 定语从句的关系代词 Who的用法: 若先行词指人则代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语(如果前面带介词则必须用whom)

The man who is wearing a white suit is my brother.

先行词 指人代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语

The man who\whom he wanted to see last week is in Shanghai.

先行词 指人代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语

She is the girl with whom I went there.

先行词 指人代替先行词在定语从句中充当介宾且介词于前.

三 定语从句的关系代词 Whom的用法: 若先行词指人则代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语(包括介词的宾语) ,与who的区别是如果前面带介词则必须用whom

This is the teacher whom\who we like best.

先行词 指人代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语

She is the girl whom\ who I went with there.

先行词 指人代替先行词在定语从句中充当介宾.

I don’t like the boy to whom you are talking.

先行词 指人代替先行词在定语从句中充当介宾且介词于前.

四 定语从句的关系代词 that的用法: 若先行词指人或物则代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语

The animal that \which is lost is a panda.

先行词 指物代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语

She is the person that \who we are worried about.

先行词 指人代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语

注意1 that \which在代物时常常可以通用,但有时只宜于用which ,不用that

(1) 关系代词前有介词时.

This is the hotel in which you will stay.

(2) 如有两个定语从句,其中一句的关系代词是that,另一句宜于用which.

Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the liberary which was newly open (新开放) to us.

注意2that \which在代物时常常可以通用,但有时只宜于用that ,不用which.

(1) 先行词是形容词最高级或者它的前面有形容词最高级时

This is the best that has been used against air pollution(反对空气污染) in cities.

English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.

(2) 先行词是序数词,或它的前面有一个序数词时

He is the last person that I want to see.

(3) 主句中已有疑问词时

Which is the bike that you lost?

(4) 先行词既有人又有物时

The bike and its rider that had run over (撞倒了)an old man were taken to the police station.

(5) 先行词是all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one等代词时

You should hand in all that you have.

We haven’t got much that we can offer you.

I mean the one that you talked about just now.

(6) 先行词前面有only,any,few,little,no,all,one of,the same,the very等词修饰时

The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.

Li Ming is the only one that got full marks (满分)in our class.

Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teachers in our class.

(7) 有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另外一个宜用that

Edison built up a factory(办了一个工厂) which produced things that had never been seen before.

定语从句的关系副词 Where的用法:若先行词指地点且其在定语从句中充当地点状语.

This is the house+I was born in the house. (=I was born there)

介词短语 副词

=This is the house where I was born.这就是我在那儿出生的房子.

先行词 关系副词

in which I was born.

介词+关系代词

which I was born in.

关系代词

这里作介宾的which和that可以省略

that I was born in

关系代词.

练习：用which ，where填空

1 This is the factory where they want to visit。

2 My sister works in a bookshop in which we can read many kinds of books

3 Have you visited the city where the famous scientist was born?

4 Is this the museum which they visited last month?

5 He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.

6 The pencil with _which_______ he wrote was broken.

7 Is this the shop _which____ sells children’s clothing?

8 I still remember the sitting-room _where____ my mother and I used to sit in the evening.

9 Don’t go in, this is the shop _which____ we have just been to。

10 Please show me the book _which____ you bought yesterday _____.

二 定语从句的关系副词 When的用法: 若先行词指时间且其在定语从句

中充当时间状语.

He came at a time +we needed help at a time.

介词短语

=He came at a time when we needed help

关系副词

at which we needed help

介词+关系代词

which we needed help at

关系代词 这里的作介宾的which 和that可以省略

that we needed help at

三 关系副词why的用法：在定语从句中只要先行词是the reason，它的关系副词就是why。

如：The reason why I’m calling you is to invite you to the party.

1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。[eg：This is the book （which）you want.] 　　2. 如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 　　3. 代表物时多用which，但在下列情况中用that而不用which： 　　a)先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时； 　　b)先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时，这时的that常被省略； 　　c)先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时； 　　d)先行词中既有人又有物时； 　　e)整个句中前面已有which，who,that时； 　　f)当先行词为物并作表语时； 　　g)先行词为one时； 　　h)先行词同时又被the only,the very,the same修饰时； 　　4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 　　5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样。 关系副词　　关系副词：在句中作状语 　　关系副词=介词+关系代词 　　why=for which 　　where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) 　　when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) 　　1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。 　　2. when引导定语从句表示时间［注］值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。 　　By the time you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 到你到达伦敦的时候，我们在那里已经待了两个星期。 　　I still remember the first time I met her. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她。 　　Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。 每一次他去出差，他带来了生活必需品，如毛巾，肥皂，牙刷等，很多。 　　3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导 　　There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。 编辑本段非限制性定语从句　　非限制性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 　　1. which引导的非限制性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 　　2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如： 　　Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 　　My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.　我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 　　This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。 　　3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如： 　　He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 　　Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 　　4. 有时as也可用作关系代词 　　5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which,whose代表事物，如果需要用why， 　　可用for which代替.； 　　p.s: which引导非限制性定语从句其后不可省略成分，as可以