梨小食心虫的为害特点和发生规律是什么?如何防治?

2025-03-15 07:41:06
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

(1)为害特点

梨小食心虫简称梨小,又名东方果蛀蛾、桃折心虫,俗称蛀虫、黑膏药。以幼虫蛀食梨、桃、苹果的果实和桃树的新梢。幼虫在果实浅处为害,周围易变黑。幼虫蛀入果内后直向果心蛀食,果面有较大脱果孔。虫果易腐烂脱落。

(2)发生规律

河北、辽宁地区1年发生3~4代;山东、河南陕西地区为4~5代;各地都以老熟幼虫在枝、干、根颈部粗裂皮缝里以及树下落叶、土里结茧越冬。各世代有重叠发生现象。成虫傍晚活动,喜食糖醋液和烂果液。寄主复杂,有转移为害的习性。前期受害重的有早酥梨、华酥梨、苹果梨等,后期受害重的是酥梨、雪花梨、鸭梨和白梨等。

(3)防治方法

目前仍以药剂防治为主,防治时期是各代成虫产卵盛期和幼虫孵化期。在桃梨混栽或桃梨毗连的果园,第一、二代卵发生期,主要在桃树上防治,第三代卵和幼虫发生期,即7月中、下旬,重点在梨树上喷药。单植梨园,要根据梨的不同品种进行防治。一般来说,早熟或中熟品种,如早酥、华酥等,从第二代卵发生期开始用药;晚熟品种如酥梨、茌梨、锦丰梨、雪花梨和鸭梨等,在第三代卵期开始用药。药剂防治的最佳时期应根据田间卵量来确定。比较简便的方法是,用梨小食心虫性外激素诱捕器诱捕雄蛾。诱捕器是用1个小橡皮塞注入一定量的性外激素作诱芯和1个水碗做成。从越冬代成虫发生期开始,将诱捕器挂在树上,高度约1.5米,每天检查诱到成虫的数量。当成虫发生高峰后4~5天,便是成虫产卵高峰,即喷药的最佳时期。无性外激素诱捕器时,应在成虫发生期调查卵果率。在果园采取对角线取样法,每个果园调查10株树,每树在不同方位调查200个果,记载其上的卵数,当卵果率达0.5%~1%时开始喷药。在华北地区,梨园第一次喷药在7月中、下旬。常用杀虫剂有:50%杀螟硫磷乳油1000倍液、20%甲氰菊酯乳油3000倍液、2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油2000倍液、20%氰戊菊酯乳油2000倍液、5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油2000倍液、2.5%溴氰菊酯乳油2000倍液等。菊酯类农药不应连续使用,可与有机磷类杀虫剂轮换使用,以免害虫产生抗药性。晚熟品种在9月份还需防治1次。

天敌:寄生于幼虫的小茧蜂、中国齿腿姬蜂、钝唇姬蜂,寄生于卵的赤眼蜂卵等。

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