求保险学英文作文4篇

保险学

保险学是一门研究保险及保险相关事物运动规律的经济学科。保险涉及的领域是多元化的，包括金融学、法学、医学、数学、经济学以及自然科学等内容。保险学的产生与发展,是一个不断变化,不断升华的过程,从保险法学到保险数学,从综合保险学到微观保险学,总体保险学,保险学逐渐成为一门相对独立的学科, 其研究对象是保险商品关系。作为保险学研究对象的保险商品关系是指保险当事人双方之间遵循商品等价交换原则,通过签订保险合同的法律形式确立双方的权利与义务,实现保险商品的经济补偿功能。在保险商品关系中,一方当事人按照合同的规定向另一方缴纳一定数额的费用,另一方当事人按照合同的规定承担经济补偿责任,即当发生保险事故或出现约定事件时,保险人按照合同规定的责任范围,对对方的经济损失进行补偿或给付,以保障对方的生产或生活的正常运行。保险商品关系既是一种经济关系,又是一种法律关系。保险商品关系的具体内容主要体现在以下四个层面: 第一,保险当事人之间的关系。第二,保险当事人与保险中介人之间的关系 。第三,保险企业之间的关系 。第四,国家对保险业实施监管而形成的管理与被管理的关系 。

保险学的四个独特方面：
1、多属性。指保险学是一门社会科学和自然科学相互交叉的综合管理科学，所研究的内容既有属于社会科学的，也有属于自然科学的。 2、广泛性。广泛性是指保险学所研究的内容，涉及面非常广泛。因为保险的对象具有广泛性，社会生产的各个环节、各行各业都需要保险；保险工作人员要与各种自然灾害和意外事故打交道，还要配合各部门搞好防灾防损工作 。 3、法律性。保险合同的订立和履行，都以民法和合同法为依据，涉外的保险业务还与国际私法、国际商法和海商法有着密切关系。 4、实践性。保险学主要是一门应用学科。

insurance policy保险学
In insurance, the insurance policy is a contract (generally a standard form contract) between the insurer and the insured, known as the policyholder, which determines the claims which the insurer is legally required to pay. In exchange for payment, known as the premium, the insurer pays for damages to the insured which are caused by covered perils under the policy language. Insurance contracts are designed to meet specific needs and thus have many features not found in many other types of contracts. Since insurance policies are standard forms, they feature boilerplate language which is similar across a wide variety of different types of insurance policies.
The insurance policy is generally an integrated contract, meaning that it includes all forms associated with the agreement between the insured and insurer.[1]:10 In some cases, however, supplementary writings such as letters sent after the final agreement can make the insurance policy a non-integrated contract.[1]:11 One insurance textbook states that "courts consider all prior negotiations or agreements ... every contractual term in the policy at the time of delivery, as well as those written afterwards as policy riders and endorsements ... with both parties' consent, are part of written policy".[2] The textbook also states that the policy must refer to all papers which are part of the policy.[2] Oral agreements are subject to the parol evidence rule, and may not be considered part of the policy. Advertising materials and circulars are typically not part of a policy.[2] Oral contracts pending the issuance of a written policy can occur.[2]

人身保险

人身保险是以人的寿命和身体为保险标的的保险。当人们遭受不幸事故或因疾病、年老以致丧失工作能力、伤残、死亡或年老退休时，根据保险合同的约定，保险人对被保险人或受益人给付保险金或年金，以解决其因病、残、老、死所造成的经济困难。
人身保险是以人的寿命和身体为保险标的的保险。人身保险的投保人按照保单约定向保险人缴纳保险费，当被保险人在合同期限内发生死亡、伤残、疾病等保险事故或达到人身保险合同约定的年龄、期限时，由保险人依照合同约定承担给付保险金的责任。人身保险分为人寿保险、健康保险和人身意外伤害保险。
传统人身保险的产品种类繁多，但按照保障范围可以划分为人寿保险、人身意外伤害保险和健康保险。 而人寿保险又可分为定期寿险、两全保险、年金保险、疾病保险等，健康保险则又可分为疾病保险、医疗保险、失能收入损失保险、护理保险等。 其中，年金保险因其在保险金的给付上采用每年定期支付的形式而得名，实际操作中年金保险还有每季度给付、每月给付等多种形式。养老年金保险可以为被保险人提供老年生活所需的资金，教育年金保险则可以为子女教育提供必要的经费支持。 同时，消费者可能会在人身意外伤害保险和定期寿险的选择上难以抉择，其实两者还是有较大不同的。首先意外伤害保险承保因意外伤害而导致的身故，不承保因疾病而导致的身故，而这两种原因导致的身故都属于定期寿险的保险责任范围。其次，意外伤害保险承保因意外伤害导致的残疾，并依照不同的残疾程度给付保险金。定期寿险有的不包含残疾给付责任，有的虽然包含残疾责任，但仅包括《人身保险残疾程度与保险给付比例表》中的最严重的一级残疾。最后，意外伤害保险一般保险期间较短，多为一年及一年期以下，而定期寿险则一般保险期间较长，可以为五年、十年、二十年甚至更长时间。
以上几种传统人身保险，均为纯保障类型。而随着经济的发展，资本市场化程度的日益提高，近几年在国内投资市场上又出现了将保障和投资融于一体的新型投资型险种，主要包括分红型、万能型、投资连结型等三种类型。

Life insurance人身保险

Life insurance or life assurance is a contract between the policy owner and the insurer, where the insurer agrees to pay a designated beneficiary a sum of money upon the occurrence of the insured individual's or individuals' death or other event, such as terminal illness or critical illness. In return, the policy owner agrees to pay a stipulated amount at regular intervals or in lump sums. There may be designs in some countries where bills and death expenses plus catering for after funeral expenses should be included in Policy Premium. In the United States, the predominant form simply specifies a lump sum to be paid on the insured's demise.

As with most insurance policies, life insurance is a contract between the insurer and the policy owner whereby a benefit is paid to the designated beneficiaries if an insured event occurs which is covered by the policy.

The value for the policyholder is derived, not from an actual claim event, rather it is the value derived from the 'peace of mind' experienced by the policyholder, due to the negating of adverse financial consequences caused by the death of the Life Assured.

To be a life policy the insured event must be based upon the lives of the people named in the policy.

Life policies are legal contracts and the terms of the contract describe the limitations of the insured events. Specific exclusions are often written into the contract to limit the liability of the insurer; for example claims relating to suicide, fraud, war, riot and civil commotion.

Life-based contracts tend to fall into two major categories:

Protection policies - designed to provide a benefit in the event of specified event, typically a lump sum payment. A common form of this design is term insurance.
Investment policies - where the main objective is to facilitate the growth of capital by regular or single premiums. Common forms (in the US anyway) are whole life, universal life and variable life policies.

年金

年金，是定期或不定期的时间内一系列的现金流入或流出。年金额是指每次发生收支的金额。年金期间是指相邻两次年金额间隔时间，年金时期是指整个年金收支的持续期，一般有若干个期间。参与年金计划是一种很好的投资安排，而提供年金合同的金融机构一般为保险公司和国库券等，比如你购买养老保险，其实就是参与年金合同。年金终值包括各年存入的本金相加以及各年存入的本金所产生的利息，但是，由于这些本金存入的时间不同，所以所产生的利息也不相同。

年金按其每次收付款项发生的时点不同，可以分为普通年金（后付年金）、即付年金（先付年金，预付年金）、递延年金(延期年金)、永续年金等类型。 1、普通年金 普通年金是指从第一期起，在一定时期内每期期末等额收付的系列款项，又称为后付年金。 2、即付年金 即付年金是指从第一期起，在一定时期内每期期初等额收付的系列款项，又称先付年金。即付年金与普通年金的区别仅在于付款时间的不同。 3、递延年金 递延年金是指第一次收付款发生时间与第一期无关，而是隔若干期（m）后才开始发生的系列等额收付款项。它是普通年金的特殊形式。 4、永续年金 永续年金是指无限期等额收付的特种年金。它是普通年金的特殊形式，即期限趋于无穷的普通年金。

Annuity

An annuity is an investment vehicle sold primarily by insurance companies. Several types of annuities exist. Every annuity has two basic properties: whether the payout is immediate or deferred, and whether the returns are fixed (guaranteed) or variable. An annuity with immediate payout begins payments to the investor immediately after it is purchased, while deferred payout means that the investor will receive payments at some later date. An annuity with a fixed return offers a guaranteed return by investing in low-risk securities like government bonds, and is commonly known as a fixed annuity. An annuity with a variable return offers results that vary with the performance of the funds (called sub-accounts) where the money is invested, for example stocks. This article discusses fixed and variable annuities, and gives a list of sources for additional information about annuities.
Fixed Annuities
The basic premise of a fixed annuity is that you give a sum of money to an insurance company, and in exchange they promise to pay you a fixed monthly amount for a certain period of time. In the case of a single premium immediate annuity (SPIA), the payments begin at a date of your choice, for example at your retirement. So these vehicles can be used as tax-deferred investments, or can be seen as a way to convert a lump sum into an income stream.
Variable Annuities
A variable annuity is essentially an insurance contract joined at the hip with an investment product. Annuities function as tax-deferred savings vehicles with insurance-like properties; they use an insurance policy to provide the tax deferral. The insurance contract and investment product combine to offer the following features:
1. Tax deferral on earnings.
2. Ability to name beneficiaries to receive the balance remaining in the account on death.
3. "Annuitization"--that is, the ability to receive payments for life based on your life expectancy.
4. The guarantees provided in the insurance component.
A variable annuity invests in stocks or bonds, has no predetermined rate of return, and offers a possibly higher rate of return when compared to a fixed annuity. The remainder of this article focuses on variable annuites.

风险管理
险管理是指如何在一个肯定有风险的环境里把风险减至最低的管理过程。当中包括了对风险的量度、评估和应变策略。理想的风险管理，是一连串排好优先次序的过程，使当中的可以引致最大损失及最可能发生的事情优先处理、而相对风险较低的事情则押后处理。 但现实情况里，这优化的过程往往很难决定，因为风险和发生的可能性通常并不一致，所以要权衡两者的比重，以便作出最合适的决定。 风险管理亦要面对有效资源运用的难题。这牵涉到机会成本(opportunity cost)的因素。把资源用于风险管理，可能使能运用于有回报活动的资源减低；而理想的风险管理，正希望能够花最少的资源去去尽可能化解最大的危机。 “风险管理”曾经在1990年代西方商业界前往中国进行投资的行政人员必修科目。当年不少MBA课程都额外加入“风险管理”的环节。
在降低风险的收益与成本之间进行权衡并决定采取何种措施的过程。 确定减少的成本收益权衡方案（trade-off)和决定采取的行动计划（包括决定不采取任何行动）的过程成为风险管理。 首先，风险管理必须识别风险。风险识别是确定何种风险可能会对企业产生影响，最重要的是量化不确定性的程度和每个风险可能造成损失的程度。 其次，风险管理要着眼于风险控制，公司通常采用积极的措施来控制风险。通过降低其损失发生的概率�缩小其损失程度来达到控制目的。控制风险的最有效方法就是制定切实可行的应急方案，编制多个备选的方案，最大限度地对企业所面临的风险做好充分的准备。当风险发生后，按照预先的方案实施，可将损失控制在最低限度。 再次，风险管理要学会规避风险。在既定目标不变的情况下，改变方案的实施路径，从根本上消除特定的风险因素。例如设立现代激励机制、培训方案、做好人才备份工作等等，可以降低知识员工流失的风险。

Risk management 风险管理

Risk management is the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks (defined in ISO 31000 as the effect of uncertainty on objectives, whether positive or negative) followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events[1] or to maximize the realization of opportunities. Risks can come from uncertainty in financial markets, project failures, legal liabilities, credit risk, accidents, natural causes and disasters as well as deliberate attacks from an adversary. Several risk management standards have been developed including the Project Management Institute, the National Institute of Science and Technology, actuarial societies, and ISO standards.[2][3] Methods, definitions and goals vary widely according to whether the risk management method is in the context of project management, security, engineering, industrial processes, financial portfolios, actuarial assessments, or public health and safety.

The strategies to manage risk include transferring the risk to another party, avoiding the risk, reducing the negative effect of the risk, and accepting some or all of the consequences of a particular risk.

Certain aspects of many of the risk management standards have come under criticism for having no measurable improvement on risk even though the confidence in estimates and decisions increase.

In ideal risk management, a prioritization process is followed whereby the risks with the greatest loss and the greatest probability of occurring are handled first, and risks with lower probability of occurrence and lower loss are handled in descending order. In practice the process can be very difficult, and balancing between risks with a high probability of occurrence but lower loss versus a risk with high loss but lower probability of occurrence can often be mishandled.

Intangible risk management identifies a new type of a risk that has a 100% probability of occurring but is ignored by the organization due to a lack of identification ability. For example, when deficient knowledge is applied to a situation, a knowledge risk materializes. Relationship risk appears when ineffective collaboration occurs. Process-engagement risk may be an issue when ineffective operational procedures are applied. These risks directly reduce the productivity of knowledge workers, decrease cost effectiveness, profitability, service, quality, reputation, brand value, and earnings quality. Intangible risk management allows risk management to create immediate value from the identification and reduction of risks that reduce productivity.

Risk management also faces difficulties in allocating resources. This is the idea of opportunity cost. Resources spent on risk management could have been spent on more profitable activities. Again, ideal risk management minimizes spending and minimizes the negative effects of risks.

保险

保险(insurance)是指投保人根据合同约定，向保险人支付保险费， 保险人对于合同约定的可能发生的事故因其发生所造成的财产损失承担赔偿保险金责任，或者当被保险人死亡、伤残、疾病或者达到合同约定的年龄、期限时承担给付保险金责任的商业保险行为。

保险是以契约形式确立双方经济关系，以缴纳保险费建立起来的保险基金，对保险合同规定范围内的灾害事故所造成的损失，进行经济补偿或给付的一种经济形式。 保险是最古老的风险管理方法之一。保险合约中，被保险人支付一个固定金额（保费）给保险人，前者获得保证：在指定时期内，后者对特定事件或事件组造成的任何损失给予一定补偿。 保险属于经济范畴，它所揭示的是保险的属性，是保险的本质性的东西。 从本质上讲，保险体现的是一种经济关系，表现在： (1)保险人与被保险人的商品交换关系； (2)保险人 与被保险人之间的收入再分配关系。 从经济角度来看， 保险是一种损失分摊方法，以多数单位和个人缴纳保费建立保险基金，使少数成员的损失由全体被保险人分担。 从法律意义上说， 保险是一种合同行为，即通过签订保险合同，明确双方当事人的权利与义务，被保险人以缴纳保费获取保险合同规定范围内的赔偿，保险人则有收受保费的权利和提供赔偿的义务。 由此可见，保险乃是经济关系与法律关系的统一。 保险是一种经济制度，同时也是一种法律关系。保险源于海上借贷。到中世纪，意大利出现了冒险借贷，冒险借贷的利息类似于今天的保险费，但因其高额利息被教会禁止而衰落。1384年，比萨出现世界上第一张保险单，现代保险制度从此诞生。 保险首先是一种经济制度。 保险是为了确保经济生活的安定，对特定危险事故或特定的事件的发生所导致的损失，运用多数单位的集体力量，根据合理的计算，共同建立基金。 保险具有经济补偿、资金融通和社会管理功能，这三大功能是一个有机联系的整体。经济补偿功能是了基本的功能，也是保险区别于其他行业的最鲜明的特征。资金融通功能是在经济补偿功能的基础上发展起来的，社会管理功能是保险业发展到一定程度并深入到社会生活诸多层面之后产生的一项重要功能，它只有在经济补偿功能和资金融通功能实现以后才能发挥作用。

Insurance保险
In law and economics, insurance is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, uncertain loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for payment. An insurer is a company selling the insurance; an insured or policyholder is the person or entity buying the insurance policy. The insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage, called the premium. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and practice.
The transaction involves the insured assuming a guaranteed and known relatively small loss in the form of payment to the insurer in exchange for the insurer's promise to compensate (indemnify) the insured in the case of a large, possibly devastating loss. The insured receives a contract called the insurance policy which details the conditions and circumstances under which the insured will be compensated.