树根是如何把水输送到枝叶上的?

2025-03-21 14:57:15
推荐回答(3个)
回答1:

首先是根压。一般情况下,植物根部的细胞液浓度往往大于土壤溶液的浓度。因此,水分总是向根部渗透,产生一种压力,这种压力叫根压。如果切断树干,断面即流出汁液,称为伤流液,这种现象就是根压的作用引起的。根压使根部的水分上升到地上部分。一些草本植物的根压不到1个六气压,而树木的根压就大多了,10米高的大树根压可达2-3个大气压。
其次是蒸腾拉力。叶片蒸腾时,气孔下腔附近的叶肉细胞水分不断散失,需要从旁边细胞取得水分。同时,旁边细胞又从另一个细胞取得水分,如此下去,细胞便从导管要水。最后根部从环境中吸收水分加以补充。因蒸腾过程产生的吸水力叫蒸腾拉力,这种力大于根压,是水分上升的主要动力,它能使根部吸收的水分迅速运送到植株的各个部分。
第三是内聚力。水分运输到叶片的过程中,在根、茎、叶脉导管中的水分子之间彼此存在一种特殊的吸引力——内聚力,它能够保持物体内的水分,形成一个连续的“水柱”。水分子间结合得非常牢固,保证了导管中的水分形成连续的水柱而使水分不断地上升。
由于根压。蒸腾拉力、内聚力这三种力的作用,地下水很快被运送到树冠,其速度每小时可达到45米,最慢的每小时也能达到5米。例如一株小麦约在1分钟内就可使地下水布满全身。

回答2:

陆生维管植物所需的水分,主要是由根部从土壤中吸收后,经过根和茎的木质部导管或管胞,运送到叶、花、果实等器官中。在水分的运输途径中,水分沿着木质部导管或管胞上升的动力,主要是蒸腾拉力。
植物的蒸腾作用越强,从导管或管胞中拉水的力量也就越大,则失水越多。另外,在导管或管胞中水分之间的内聚力很大,从而形成一条连续的水柱,水柱内的内聚力可使水柱向下降。这样上拉下拽便使水柱产生张力,水柱张力远比水分内聚力小,因此,可使导管或管胞中的水柱不断,这就保证了水分不断向上运输。
尽管根压在植物水分的正常运输中起的作用并不大,但是多年生木本植物在早春尚未展芽之前,或土温高,水分充足,大气相对湿度大以及蒸腾作用小时,根压对水分的上升就会起较明显的作用。在各类植物的木质部中,水分运输的速度差别较大。据统计:在木本被子植物的环孔材中,尽管孔径较大,水流速每小时可达20~40米;散孔材中,导管孔径一般较小,每小时只有1~6米。在裸子植物的管胞中,水的流速更慢,每小时还不到0.6米。
草本植物中水流速度与环孔材树木相近似。此外,在同一枝条上,被太阳照射部分的水流速度大于不直接照射的部分;同一植株中,晚上水流速度小于白天。水分在植物体内的运输,主要是由下而上,除此之外,还有横向的运输,即通过射线和管间纹孔;以及向下运输等途径,但这些运输的速度都比向上运输慢得多。

回答3:

渗透吸水

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