高中二年级,非谓语动词规则和这个语法好的记忆,学习方法。

一、非谓语动词具有双重性：
1. 具有本身的动词特征：
* 及物动词可以由有自己的宾语；
* 可以由状语来修饰；
* 有时态和语态的变化
2. 在句子中起相当于名词、形容词或副词的语法作用

二、非谓语动词的词类属性及其语法功能
1. 不定式
1）名词性，在句子中可以用作主语、宾语及说明主语属性的表语。
* 主语：To talk with him is a great pleasure. 和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。
注意：作主语可以用形式宾语表示——It is a great pleasure to talk with him
* 表语：Her job is take care of the chilgren and wash clothes. 她的工作是照看小孩和洗衣服。
* 宾语：She decided to try again. 他决定再试一次。
注意：做宾语是学习不定式的重点，应该掌握可以带有不定式宾语的一些特定动词，如意念动词 want, wish, decide, help, pledge 必须跟不定式，begin, start, like 和 forget，remember, regret, need 等动词跟不定式宾语的特殊含义。
2）形容词性，在句子中可以用作定语和形容词补足语（也有人称作原因状语）。
* 定语：
He is always the first one to get up. 他总是第一个起床的人。
I have a few wirds to say. 我有几句话要说。
* 用在 be + 情感形容词后，如：
She is ready to help us. 他愿意帮助我们。
They are anxious to learn to do something important. 他们渴望做一些重要事情。
3）副词性，在句子中可以用作目的和结果状语。
* 目的状语：
You must come to see me on Sunday.
Early in 2000 he went abroad to studay.
注意: 要掌握 in order to 和 so as to 用法。
* 结果状语：
A few years later he came home to find that his hometown had already changed.
注意：要掌握 so...as to, too...to 和 ...enough to 的用法。
2. 动名词：具有名词性，可以用作主语、宾语和表语
* 主语：
Talking is easy. 仅凭嘴说是容易的。
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 吃后悔药是没用的。
注意：如果表语是名词 no use, no good, no help 或形容词 useful， useless, helpful 等，一定要用动名词短语作主语（不能用不定式）
* 宾语：
直接宾语：Please stop talking.
注意：必须熟记必须跟动名词作宾语的特定动词，如 mind，imagine， finsh，consider, suggest，can't help 等，以及在某些动词后动名词和不定式作宾语的区别（见不定式）。
短语动词（动词+小品副词）后必须用动名词作宾语，如：give up 放弃, put off推迟，dally over 延误等。
介词后必须用动名词作宾语。
* 表语：
Her favourite occupation is reading. 他最喜欢的是读书。
注意：与进行时态的区别，进行时态主语由有行为能力的名词充当，动名词则是由无行为能力的名词充当。
3. 分词：具有形容词性和副词性
1）形容词性：用作定语、表语和宾语补足语
* 定语
前置定语：
the working people 劳动人民。（people 是 working 的行为者）
worn clothes 破旧衣服 （clothes 是被穿破的）
后置定语：相当于定语从句
The man carrying a big flag was a model worker. ( = The man who carried a big flag was a model worker.)
That is a book written by a worker. (= That is a book that was written by a worker.)
* 表语
现在分词作表语说明主语的特征：The story is interesting (故事的特征是有趣的)
过去分词作表语说明主语所呈现的状态：He is interested in the story. (他对故事呈现出感兴趣的状态)
* 宾语补足语：
现在分词说明宾语当时执行的行为：I saw him coming.（他正过来）
过去分词说明宾语是分词涉及的对象：I must have my hair cut. （头发被别人剪掉）
2）副词性：用作状语
* 时间状语：相当于时间状语从句
Entering the dining room, he saw his mother in white clean overall. (= When he entered the diningroom, )
* 原因状语：相当于原因状语从句
Knowing that it was going to rain, he decided not to go out. (= Since he knew that it was going to rain)
* 方式或伴随状语：相当于一个并列分句
Laughing and talking, the students went out to the fields. (= the students laughed and talked and ...)
She stood there, waiting for the bus. (= She stood there and she waited for the bus)
注意：现在分词或过去分词的区别；分词作状语（时间、原因、方式和伴随）与不定式作状语（目的、结果）的区别

二、非谓语动词的时态：
这种时态是与谓语动词行为发生时间进行比较相对而言的时态，不是真实时间真正意义上的时态。
1. 一般形式 ：同步发生或一前一后紧接发生
* 不定式 to do
I saw him go out. (saw 和 to go 几乎同时发生)
Would help me to put things in order before we leave. (help 和put in order “整理好”同时发生)
* 动名词和现在分词 doing
He insisted on joining our team. (insisted 和 joining 前后发生)
Working there, we learned a lot from them. (Working 与 learned 同时发生)

2. 进行形式. 非谓语动的行为发生在谓语动词行为的中间
* 不定式：to be doing
* 动名词和现在分词已经有了进行意思，不存在这一形式。
3. 完成形式. 非谓语动时发生在谓语动词行为之前
* 不定式：to have done
I am sorry to have kept you waiting. (have kept 发生在 am sorry 之前)
* 动名词和现在分词: having done
I don't remember having seen you five years ago. (seen 发生在 remember 的五年以前 )
Having finished his work, he went to help others. (finished 发生在 went 之前)
三、非谓语动词的语态：
该语态决定于其逻辑主语与非谓语动的关系。
* 主谓关系用主动语态
I regret being unable to write you earlier. (句子主语 I 是逻辑主语，是 be unable to write 的行为者)
其他例子见上面的例句。
* 动宾关系用被动语态
There is nothing left to be said. (nothing 是 to be said 逻辑主语，是被说出来的对象)
Jane like being read to when she is ill. （珍妮喜欢别人念给她听，Jane 是 being read 的逻辑主语）
Being asked to stay, I promised not to leave.(I 是 being asked的逻辑主语 )
四、非谓语动词的复合结构
当句子里不存在非谓语动词的逻辑主语，就需要用它们的复合结构表示逻辑主语。
1. 不定式的复合结构：for sb. to do sth.
It is important for us to learn science.
2. 动名词的复合结构：one's doing sth.,用作宾语代词也可以用宾格 + doing sth.
He insisted his friend's going with him.
He insisted his my/me going with him.
3. 分词的复合结构称作独立主格结构：
* 现在分词名词：普通格 + doing sth.
Weather permitting, I will go.
The question being settled, we wound up the meeting
* 过去分词：普通格 + done
Homework done, he sat up for a rest.

哈哈，楼上的资料太多，看到我头都晕～
据我自己觉得，只要搞清楚SSP原则就好（补习班老师教的，超级实用），何谓SSP原则呢？
1.sentence or not ?
2.subject or not ?
3.passive or not ?
。。。。。。
首先，第一步是先要搞清句子的大概意思；搞清句子的主语、谓语是谁，那就已经对了一大半；
其次，对一些搭配要熟悉，例如find sb doing sth,ask sb to do sth等等；
还有就是搞清楚要填的词是谁发出的，两个词之间的关系是主动还是被动；
最后就是要注意有些词是主动表被动，有些是被动表主动。。。这个可以买本五三看看，就是《五年高考三年模拟》，里面写得很清晰
好，废话少说，先看看一道经典题：
Walking in the complete darkness,____
A.his head knoked into the tree unexpectedly
B.he knocked into the tree unexpectedly
C.so he knocked into the tree unexpectedly
D.his head was knocked into the tree unexpectedly
乍看下去好像每个选项都对，仔细看看，这句子的意思，在黑暗中行走，他的头撞在树上，还是在黑暗中行走，他撞在树上？中文上解释，两个都对，但仔细看，没有选项，这不是个完整的句子，那这句子主语是谁？A的主语是his head,B是he,C是he,D，his head；再看，walking这个动作是谁发出的，his head吗?no,所以首先排除A、D，那再看C，so he knocked...这选项加上去，这句子完整吗？no,这不是个句子，所以只有B才正确。
再一题，Having been attacked by terrorists,___
A.doctors came to their rescue
B.the tall building collapse
C.an emergency measure was taken
D.warnings were given to tourists
这次很快就可以选出B是正确答案吧^^
个人觉得，运用SSP原则，做大概十题非谓，就基本可以掌握，不会出错，起码我是这样的情况。。。
附送十小题：
1.A cook will be immediately fired if he is found__ in the kitchen.
A.smoke B.smoking C.to smoke D.smoked
SSP原则的第一个“S”对这类题作用不大，直接用第二个"S",subject，这句if he is found__ in the kitchen,主语是He,跟smoke的关系是主动发出，而且find sb doing sth是固定搭配，所以答案是B
2.the teacher asked us__so much noise.
A.don't make B.not make C.not makign D.not to make
ask sb to do sth,选D
3.__time,he'll make a first-class tennis player.
A.Having given B.To give C.Giving D.Given
主语：he；时间被给 答案D
4.It is believed that if a book is__,it will surely __the reader.
A.interested;interest B.interesting;be interested
C.interested;be interesting D.interesting;interest
主语：book，修饰物的用interesting,后面book主动令读者感兴趣，interest
答案D
5.The discovery of new evidence led to__
A.the thief having caught b.catch the thief
C.the thief being caught d.the thief to be caught
贼被抓，排除AC，这里要用到SSP的p,passive,时态上是贼已经被抓，过去，所以选C
6.He looked around and caught a man__his hand into the pocket of a passager.
A。put b.to be putting C.to put d.putting
man 主动put hand,时态，ing, 答案D
7.__in the queue for half an hour,Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A.To wait B.Have waited C.Having waited D.To have waited
这种题最易判断，主语Tom,做了两个动作，wait和realize，时间上讲，那个动作先呢？当然是wait,他是在wait 的过程中才发现自己忘带wallet,而且wait 这个动作是Tom主动发出，用ing,A、D将来时，b过去，只有C才正确，看到having就知道时态上是一个字“先”，就像看到闪电再听到雷声
8.The flowers __sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty nature.
A.to smell B.smelling C.smelt D.TO BE SMETL
主语花，被闻起来，to be smelt? 注意，系动词没有被动形式，没有to be smelt这样的说法，smell是主动表被动，所以选B
9.The disc,digitally__in the studio,sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A.recorded B.recording C.to be recorded D.having recorded
主语the disc,被刻录，B、D错，时态，过去刻录，选A
10.After his journey from abroad,Richard returned home,__.
A.exhausting B.exhausted C.being exhausted d.having exhausted
主语Richard,感到exhausted，时态，过去，选B，表状态
讲得可能不算太详细，但只要理解句子意思，抓住住谓，时态，平时多留意固定搭配，非谓还是很容易做对的

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