推荐回答(2个)
在茄子的种植过程中,茄子死苗主要有以下原因造成。
1、猝倒病 茄子幼苗出土前或出土后均能受害。未出土的幼苗发病,胚茎和子叶变褐糜烂,幼苗枯死。幼苗出土后发病,茎基部最初呈水渍状,以后病部变成黄褐色,溢缩成浅状。病情发展很快,常在子叶尚未凋萎前,幼苗就折倒贴伏于地面,但幼苗仍呈青绿色,故称为猝倒。在低温高湿时,寄主病残体外表及其邻近的泥土上,常长出一层白色棉絮状菌丝。在苗床中,开端时只见个别幼苗发病,几天以后即以此为中心向周围蔓延扩展,最后引起成片幼苗猝倒。
病原:为鞭毛菌亚门腐霉菌属中的瓜果腐霉菌。菌丝体发达、多分枝、无色无隔膜。孢囊梗分化不显然,孢子囊顶生或尖生,成膨大的管状,有的具裂瓣状分枝。游动孢子双鞭毛,肾形,在水中作短时游动后即变成圆形的休止孢子,以后萌发成芽管侵入寄生。
2、立枯病 多在床温较高的苗床或育苗中后期发病。发病初期,幼苗基部产生椭圆形暗褐色病斑。早期病苗白天萎蔫,早晚恢复,以后病部逐步凹陷、扩展绕茎一周,并溢缩干涸,最后植株枯死。因为病株大多直立而枯死,故称之为立枯病。 病原:为半知菌亚门丝核菌属的立枯丝核菌。菌丝体早期无色,后期逐步变成淡褐色,分枝处呈直角,分枝基部有溢缩,离分枝不远有一隔膜。有菌核,菌核无一定的形状,淡褐色至黑褐色,质地蓬松,外表粗糙。
一、茄子绵疫病
它主要侵染叶片、茎、花器官和果实。茄子即将成熟是病害的高峰期,一般近地面果实病害引起的第一病害,损失率相对较高,侵染后,叶片呈略浸没褐斑,严重易感病害逐渐枯萎,直至上部枝叶枯萎,果实受害,潮湿时病害有稀疏白色霉菌。
高温高湿有利于疾病的发展;化学防治的思想是从苗期开始,及时预防和使用药物,发病后可选择三乙膦酸铝、锌替代物等进行防治。
二、茄子黄萎病
黄萎病是一种系统的土壤传播病害,俗称"半疯病",其发病率一般在花期和茄病的早期,在苗期较不常见。在感病植物的早期,叶片和侧枝在中午枯萎了很长时间,枯萎部位或叶片逐渐扩展和增加,并逐渐蔓延到整个植株,导致整个植株枯萎,高湿时茎表面出现维管束褐变和灰白色霉变。
本病属中低温病,一般低温,根部愈合缓慢,适宜细菌的发育,有利于病原菌从伤口侵入;从定植到开花,日平均温度小于15℃,病程长,发病早,严重。药物选择:克水单双混合种子,多菌灵与土壤混合,可供放置和控制。
三、茄子灰霉病
越冬棚存在茄子、早春栽培等寒冷地区,一旦病害损失大,难以控制。灰霉病主要危害幼果和叶片,受侵染叶呈典型V形斑点。在叶侵染中后期,花环叶缘密集霉菌,灰霉病从雌花花瓣侵入,导致花瓣腐烂,从茄子果梗顶部或从残留在茄子果面上的花瓣中,长出大量的葡萄绿色霉菌层。
主要防治方法:加药浸花,预防用药,早期防治。花药浸于腐殖质或尿素异杆菌中,使用百菌清烟雾剂或百菌清烟雾剂、腐霉烟雾剂预防。
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