简述什么是崇高,崇高有哪些审美特征

2025-04-05 18:20:16
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

崇高,就是在精神、智力或道德上卓越杰出的高尚的牺牲精神。

崇高又称壮美。
它主要指对象以其粗犷、博大的感性姿态,劲健的物质力量和精神力量,雄伟的气势,给人以心灵的震撼,进而受到强烈的鼓舞和激越,引起人们产生敬仰和赞叹的情怀,从而提升和扩大人的精神境界。
就审美对象而言,崇高具有强大的威力,表现在人格与道德行为中、自然界事物的状貌样态中、艺术作品的形态与格调中;就审美经验而言,它使主体受到震撼,带有庄严感或敬畏感,甚至伴有某种程度的恐惧或痛苦。同其他审美范畴相比较,崇高与悲剧性相近,都伴有巨大的情感跌宕。实践主体能动性方面的崇高,表现为人格与首先行为中的强大威力。实践对象化领域中的崇高,表现为自然界事物状貌样态中的强大威力。I.康德曾把它们区分为数学的(数量的、体积的、空间的、静态的)与力学的(力量的、能量的、动力的、动态的)两类,实际上两者常交融并存。艺术作品可以把这两方面的表现融为一体,以人格心灵的崇高为内容,以物体景象的崇高为形式,使震撼人心的威力更为凝炼集中。
在欧洲,最早提到崇高的是公元1世纪古罗马时代朗吉诺斯的《论崇高》,作者认为崇高是“伟大心灵的回声”,有五个方面:庄严伟大的思想、慷慨激昂的感情、辞格的藻饰、高雅的措辞和尊严的结构,并以海洋、尼罗河、多瑙河、莱茵河为例进行说明。在西方美学史上第一个把崇高与美严格区别开来的,是英国的E.博克,英国的另一些美学家不承认恐惧和痛苦在崇高体验中的作用,认为崇高感是伟大引起的。在中国的传统美学中,崇高或壮美常用“大”来表述。它侧重在主体方面、社会价值方面,而不是对象方面、自然状貌方面。孟子把他所强调的人格美称为“浩然之气”。在对个体人格的评价中,他提出善、信、美、大、圣、神六个等级,提到“充实之谓美,充实而有光辉之谓大 ”。他所说的“大”,比一般的美在程度上更鲜明强烈,在范围上更广阔宏伟,是一种辉煌壮观的美。这样的崇高概念与西方传统美学中的概念相比,侧重点不同,但如果把这种品格同有关的遭遇联系起来考察,所涉及的对象世界中同样包含引起忧患困苦的因素。与西方美学所讨论的崇高特征仍是相近的。
在社会生活之中"那些体现着推动历史前进的进步力量及其代表人物!正是社会崇高的本原"在阶级社会中!崇高是先进阶级的正义事业的不可战胜的威力和本性的显现"在斗争的曲折进程中!足以展现出实践主体的现实的或潜在的威力和终将胜利的必然性!艺术崇高是现实中崇高的反映!艺术中的崇高所反映的大都是社会生活中英雄人物的斗争业绩!艺术作品反映崇高的形式是多种多样的!在以展现人物行动冲突为主要特征的戏剧"电影和文学等艺术中#崇高得到了最为普遍和集中的反映$悲剧和颂歌#就是最为突出和常见的类型!在造型艺术以及音乐中表现崇高。虽然受到艺术形象的静止性和表现观念内容的不确定性的限制#但其艺术表现方式和手段仍然是多彩多姿的!

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