初中英语定语从句

定语从句
I 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2） whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作宾语）

II. 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。例如：
There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：
His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

III.判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。
判断改错：
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （ where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语） 。

IV. 限制性和非限制性定语从句
1） 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2） 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理•史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3） 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

V. 介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如：
This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

VI. as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。
典型例题
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
（1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
（2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
as 的用法
例1. the same…as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。例如：
I have got into the same trouble as he （has）. 我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。例如：
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。

VII. 先行词和关系词二合一
1） Whoever spits in public will be punished here. （Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替）
2） The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.（what 可以用all that代替）

VIII. what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything。例如：
What you want has been sent here. 你要的动词都送来了。
Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。
2） who= the person that whoever= anyone who。例如：
（错）Who breaks the law will be punished.
（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法，与庶民同罪。
（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear. 谁抢了银行还不清楚。
3） that 和 what
当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。例如：
I think（that）you will like the stamps. 我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。
What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实践。

IX. 关系代词that 的用法
1）不用that的情况
a） 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：
（错）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b） 介词后不能用。例如：
We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2） 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a） 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b） 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
c） 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。
d） 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
e） 先行词既有人，又有物时。例如：
All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

祝你进步~！

定语从句：英语中，在复合句中作定语，修饰主句中的某名词或代词的从句。
先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词，通常放在定语从句之前。
引导词：引导定语从句的词（也叫关联词）
关系代词：如that, which，who,whom,whose等

关系副词:如when, where, why等）。
引导词通常位于先行词和定语从句之间，它既起联系作用，又充当从句中的某个句子成分。

其间主要区别：
一。that与which的用法区别

两者都可指物，常可互换。其区别主要在于：

1. 引导非限制性定语从句时，通常要用which：

The current, which is very rapid, makes the river dangerous. 水流湍急，使这条河很危险。

He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t like. 他得在星期天工作，他是不喜欢这样的。

The London team, which played so well last season, has done badly this season. 伦敦队上一个季度打得很好，这个季度却打得很差。

2. 直接放在介词后作宾语时，通常要用which：

She may be late, in which case we ought to wait for her. 她可能晚到，那样我们就要等等她。

The documents for which they were searching have been recovered. 他们找寻的文件已找到了。

This morning some port wine came, for which I have to thank you. 今天早上送来一些波尔图葡萄酒，为此我得向你道谢。

注：有时“介词+which”引导的定语从句可以转换成“介词+which+不定式”结构：

He had only the long nights in which he could study. =He had only the long nights in which to study. 他只有漫漫长夜可用来学习。

He had a couple of revolvers with which he could defend himself.= He had a couple of revolvers with which to defend himself. 他只有一两把手枪用来自卫。

3. 当先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等时，通常用that：

All that she lacked was training. 她缺的只是训练。

Have you everything that you need? 你需要的东西都有了吗?

The sleeping man’s subconscious mind retained everything that was said around him. 这位酣睡的人头脑的下意识能记住他周围的人说的话。

She would never do anything that was not approved of by her parents. 她父母不赞同的事她绝不会做。

4. 当先行词有the very, the only, the same 等修饰时，通常用that：

This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。

Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。

5. 当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next等)等修饰时，通常用that：

This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。

The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。

6. 当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时，通常用that：

China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。

7. 当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时，通常用that：

They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。

8. 当要避免重复时：

Which is the course that we are to take? 我们选哪门课程？

二。that与who的用法区别

1. 两者均可指人，有时可互换（包括当先行词为 all, anyone, someone等，同时也包括先行词受the only等的修饰时）：

All that [who] heard him were delighted. 所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。

He is the only one among us that [who] knows Russian.他是我们中间唯一懂俄语的人。

Anyone who [that] is over sixteen is allowed in. 任何超过十六岁的人都允许进去。

It is impolite to turn your back on someone who [that] is speaking to you. 人家跟你说话，你把背朝人是不礼貌的。

2. 但是在下列情况，通常要用 that：

①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时：

I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告。

②当先行词是who时(为避免重复)：

Who was it that won the World Cup in 1982? 谁赢得了1982年的世界杯？

③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略)：

Tom is not the boy (that) he was. 汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。

3. 但是在下列情况，通常要用 who：(www.yygrammar.com)

当先行词为 those 且指人时，英语习惯上要用 who 来引导定语从句。如：

Those who do not wish to go need not go. 不愿去的人不需要去。

Those who couldn’t walk were carried on stretchers. 那些不能走的人都用担架抬着。

It is said that those who eat the most are the least healthy. 据说吃得最多的人身体最差。

Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in. 只有那些预先订票的人可以进去。

The plan was supported by those who wished to listen to more good English. 这计划受到想多听好英语的人的支持。

Let us spend a few moments in silence so that / in order that we remember those who died to preserve our freedom. 让我们默哀片刻，以缅怀那些为维护我们的自由而牺牲了的人们。

注：偶尔也可见到在 who 之后用 that 引导定语从句的用例，但相当少见。如：

The danger is that people who pay their bills on time will be lumped in with those that don’t. 危险的是那些及时付账的人将会同那些不及时付账的人混在一起。（摘自《朗文当代英语辞典》2003年第4版）

希望你学业有成！

定语从句复习摘要
1. 什么是定语从句？定语从句分为哪几种？（限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句）
2.基本句型
3.定语从句的构成
4.先行词和关系词有哪些？有什么作用？
5.限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别
6.关系代词如何引导定语从句
7.怎样使用每个先行词和关系词？
8.关系代词和介词
9.关系代词的省略
10.非限定性定语从句中的关系代词
11.关系副词的定义与用法
12.关系代词与关系副词在定语从句中的区别
13.注意：1）what不能用于定语从句中
2）句型归纳 a. one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 复数形动词
b. the (only) one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 单数形动词

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