推荐回答(4个)
什么是宫颈癌
宫颈癌是最常见的女性生殖器官恶性肿瘤,多见于40~60岁之间,平均年龄为52.2岁,发病随年龄而增长,绝经期后逐渐下降。由于子宫颈的解剖位置,且有较长癌前病变,所以宫颈癌得早期发现、早期治疗,存活率较高。
什么原因引起宫颈癌
宫颈癌的确切病因不明。根据普查和临床资料分析,发病似与早婚、早育、多育、性生活紊乱及慢性宫颈炎有关。近年的研究发现生殖道疱疹Ⅱ型病毒(HSV-Ⅱ)及人类乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)、人类巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染可能为宫颈癌的特异性致病因素,亦有人认为突变精子的异常DNA进入宫颈上皮细胞的染色体可诱发肿瘤形成。
宫颈癌有什么症状
阴道出血及白带增多是其主要症状。最早表现为性交后和双合诊(阴道和肛门内诊)后少量出血,称接触性出血。任何不规则阴道出血,特别是在绝经期后,都必须引起注意。白带呈水样,黄色或白色,有腥臭味。晚期癌则出血甚多,白带稀脓样,有恶臭。
宫颈癌需要做哪些检查
包括全身检查和妇科检查。
妇科检查时可发现宫颈癌部位较硬,易出血,并应注意有无阴道转移,应特别强调作三合诊(腹部触诊、阴道和肛门内诊),了解子宫后方及宫旁有无癌转移,藉以确定病变范围,进行临床分期。
Ⅰb期及Ⅱ期以后的宫颈癌症状明显,通过妇科检查及宫颈活检即作出诊断。
0期和Ⅰa期症状及体征常不明显,易漏诊。
0期和Ⅰa期的预后远较Ⅰb期以后者为佳,应重视其早期诊断。
宫颈癌的早期诊断方法:
细胞学检查 凡遇可疑病例,如宫颈接触性出血或糜烂较重、久治不愈者,应作宫颈刮片查瘤细胞。如发现癌细胞或核异质细胞应进一步行宫颈活检。宫颈癌普查时,多采用此法进行筛选宫颈活检。
碘试验 在未染色区取材,可提高准确性,取材时应包括宫颈鳞柱上皮交界外,并最好在3、6、9、12点作四点活检,以防漏诊。
阴道镜检查 阴道镜可将宫颈放大16~40倍,可更仔细地观察宫颈上皮的改变,并可看到鳞柱上皮交界处。在阴道镜指导下作活检,可提高准确性。看不到鳞柱上皮交界处时,应作宫颈管搔刮,将刮出物送病检。
宫颈锥形活检 将宫颈作锥形切除。术前应先作阴道镜确定病变部位,亦可作碘试验。切除的标本应作连续病理切片以除外浸润癌。
宫颈癌如何治疗
原位癌 可行全子宫切除术,同时切除1~2cm的阴道壁。年轻患者可保留双侧卵巢。需保留生育功能者亦可酌情作宫颈锥形切除术,术后加强随访。
早期浸润癌 治疗原则上同原位癌。手中如发现盆腔淋巴结肿大,应作活检,如有转移,须作广泛性子宫切除并清扫盆腔淋巴结。
浸润癌 根据癌瘤的病理性质、临床分期,对放射线的敏感性以及患者的年龄、体质等采用手术、放疗或手术和放射联合治疗。化疗可作为晚期癌的姑息疗法。
宫颈癌的主要症状是 早期多为接触性出血 , 晚期为不规则阴道流血 , 出血量的多少根据病灶的大小 , 侵及间质内血管 的情况而不同 ,如果侵蚀大血管 则可以引起大量的出血 。
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