关于宋朝为什么宋朝犯人脸上要刺上字

2025-03-31 15:21:54
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

《辞海》里的“刺配”条解释说:“中国古代刑罚的一种。在面部刺刻标记,押送边疆服役或充军,重者终身不释。始于五代的后晋、宋、元、明、清仿用。”但“刺”与“配”本是两种不同的刑罚,它们各自的起源要比此说早得多
五代时,后晋的建立者晋高祖滥用严刑酷法,煞费心机地把废止了几百年的墨黥之刑重新搬了出来,“刺配”之刑就此产生了。在宋代,刺配之风盛行,手段也更残酷。《宋代刑法考》云:“宋人承五代为刺配之法,既仗其背,又配其人,且刺其面。是一人之身、一事之犯而兼受三刑者。”   ======   古典名著《水浒传》中有这样一段故事,80万禁军教头林冲,遭朝中权贵陷害,被“刺配”沧州,途中屡遭歹人暗算,几乎丧命,最后在梁山好汉的帮助下,奋起反抗,终于被逼上了梁山,与梁山好汉共举“替天行道”大旗,成为农民起义军中的一员猛将。   林冲所犯之“罪”是否成立,另当别论,林冲所受的“刺配”在古代究竟是一种什么样的刑罚呢?   刺配是我国唐末五代以来出现的一种特殊的刑罚方法。其法可溯源到北朝的《北魏律》和《北齐律》,凡“论犯可死,原情可降”的鞭、笞各一百,并处以髡发之刑,发配边境,以为兵卒。隋唐法律确立封建五刑制度,废除了鞭、流并用的刑罚,改为流配、服役结合,凡处以流刑的,均于流放地服役一年。后唐时,对凡处以流刑的,一律附加杖刑。后晋时,又创刺面之刑,将刺面与流配结合起来,合称刺配,但是那时刺配仅为刺面与流刑两者合用。   北宋时,统治者又实行折杖法,以杖刑代替原来的苔、杖、徒、流四种刑罚的执行。但同时又沿用和发展了后晋以来的刺配之刑,作为对死刑的宽宥。刺配之刑成为集刺面、杖刑、流配三种处罚于一身的重刑,仅次于死刑。   宋代的刺配按罪轻重的不同而不同,分为刺配本州、邻州、500里、1000里、2000里、3000里及沙门岛等不同等级,刺面也分为“大刺”和“小刺”。凡犯重罪的,就把字刺得很大,而且根据不同的罪行,所刺的形状也不一样。如,宋朝曾规定:凡犯盗罪,刺环于耳后;处徒刑、流刑的刺方形;处杖刑的刺圆形,三犯杖刑移于面,“径不过五分”。后来又规定,“凡强盗抵死特货命之人”,在额头上要刺强盗二字,余下的字分刺两颊。所刺内容除“选配某州(府)牢城”外,也有把其犯罪事由等刺于脸上的。到了配所后,所服劳役的种类很多,而大量的是充当军役。服役也没有一定的期限,因为宋代大赦多,几乎每两三年就有一次。每次大赦,由主管刺配犯人的官吏将配役者的情况上报,对其中犯罪情节较轻的,或服役期间表现较好的,可以释放回家;而罪行严重的,则要终身服役。   刺配在制定之初,原为对死刑的宽宥,但在后来的实际执行中,范围日益扩大。宋真宗时,刺配之罪共 46条,到孝宗时,已增加到了570多条。实际上对许多死刑以外的犯罪也大量适用刺配,以至出现了州郡牢城营中刺配犯人额满甚至超额的现象。地方的司法官吏也滥施刺配之刑。北宋末年,金兵南下,草莽群雄奋起抗金,他们中不少人是罪犯。南宋建立后,他们接受了朝廷的封号,先后入朝。但在朝觐皇帝时遇到难处,他们大多脸上刺有金印,按法律规定,罪犯不得入朝。为此,宋高宗于1144年发布诏命:“今后臣僚有面刺大字或灸烧之人,许入见。”   滥用刺配之刑,实际上是加重了对罪犯的处罚,因而遭到不少有识之士的反对。有人主张应减少刺配刑的使用;有人主张完全废除,但均未被朝廷采用。   元朝建立后,不仅全面继承了刺配之刑,而且将原来的刺双颊发展成刺面、刺左右臂、刺项等多种方式,并将刺配广泛适用于盗贼等多种罪犯。明清时除了刺面之法,更多地用刺左右臂了,此法渐渐成为不大引人注意的处罚,直至清末废除。

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